INTRODUCTION
The
word education is derived from the Latin word Educatum which means the act of
teaching or training. There is another word in Latin that is Educare which
means to bring up or to raise. The word Educare means to lead forth or to come
out. All these meanings indicate that education seeks to nourish the good
qualities in man and draw out the best in man.Education helps to develop the
inner capacities of man.
By educating an individual we attempt to give
him some desirable knowledge, understanding, skills, interests, attitude and
critical thinking. That is he acquires knowledge of history, geography,
arithmetic, languages and other sciences. By education people develops some
understandings about the deeper things in life, complex human relations and
cause and effect of relationships etc. The person gets some skillsinwriting,
speaking, calculating, drawing, operating some equipments etc.
Education is necessary for the survival of
the society. It is a purposeful activity. The aims of education will vary from
time to time and from people to people. Educational aims can be immediate and
ultimate. Immediate aims are those which fulfill the immediate needs. The ultimate
aim of education is the perfect happiness.
Education
has been classified into three types,
1. Formal
education
2. Informal
education
3.
Non-formal education
FORMAL
EDUCATION
Formal
education refers to the hierarchically structured and chronologically graded
system of education. It is consciously and deliberately planned system of
education to bring about specific behavioral changes in the educand. It is
preplanned by the society with definite aims and is imparted in schools,
colleges and universities, which are established for systematic education.
FEATURES OF
FORMAL EDUCATION
v Planned education keeping in
keeping in view some definite plan.
v Education imparted through well
planned means.
v Education starting and ending at
particular age.
v A teaching learning process with
which the teacher and learner are acquainted.
v Education organised by some
agency.
AGENCIES OF
FORMAL EDUCATION
Formal
agencies are those institutions and organizations which are systematically
organized. In these institutions the process of education is deliberately
planned. There is a definite curriculum. The whole process is manipulated with
a definite objective for the fulfillment of the needs of the society. The
schools, colleges, universities etc are the important agencies of formal
education.
1.
SCHOOLS
The
term school denotes a particular place, where education is imparted in a
definite way. The school goes a long way in reforming the individual and society.
So the school is considered not merely a creature of the society, but it is the
creator of the society. In modern age the role of school is very important. The
main functions of schools are;
a) School is
the savior of culture traditions.
b) School helps to achieve the ideal of the
nation.
c) School
can give a glimpse of practical democracy.
d) School
provides an opportunity for the development of individual powers and abilities.
e) School
takes the responsibility of social reconstruction.
f) School
tries to make us ideal citizens.
2. COLLEGES
College
is an educational institution or a constituent part of one. A college may be a
degree awarding tertiary educational institutions, a part of collegiate
university, or an institution offering vocational education. In India the term
college is commonly reserved for institutions that offer degrees at year 12 and
those that offer the bachelors degree. The colleges offer programmes under that
university. Examinations are conducted by the university at the same time for
all colleges under its affiliation.
3. UNIVERSITY
A university is an institution of higher
education and research which grants academic degrees in a variety of subjects
and provides both undergraduate education and post graduate education.
Universities are generally composed of several colleges.
FUNCTIONS OF
FORMAL EDUCATION
1. Character
formation of children
2.
Development of values in children
3. Helps the
children in development and transmission of knowledge
4. Helps in
skill and emotional development
5. Children
get the capacity to adjust
6. Formal
education helps in cultural development
7. It gives
spiritual as well as moral development
NON-FORMAL
EDUCATION
A
large proportion of India’s population is poor and live in pathetic conditions.
Education, in any form needs improve their quality of life and help them
participate productively in the national development. A large proportion of
children dropout from the formal system .The non formal educational system has
been introduced to bring the un-enrolled and dropout children of age group 9-14
into the fold of primary education.
For Coombs non-formal education
means, any organized systematic, educational activity outside the framework of
the formal system to provide selective types of learning to particular
sub-groups in the population, adults as well as children”. In other words it is
an alternative to the formal education.
Unlike the formal education,
non-formal education has no predetermined time table or the pace of academic
progress. The non-formal education is basically non-competitive and open ended.
It has limited purposes and goals..
FEATURES OF NON-FORMAL EDUCATION
1.
Flexibility in regard to admission requirements,duration,timing
etc
2.
Flexibility in various aspects of
education.ie.,admission,place,curriculum,age,co-curricular
activities,modes of teaching,evaluation etc
3.
Diversification of curriculum and instructional methods;in the
type of course to be offered and their supplimetation by vocational education.
4.
Decentralization in management structure and financial powers.
5.
Covering life span of an individual.
6.
Guided by motivation of the individual for self growth,self
renewal.
MAJOR
NON-FORMAL SCHEMES
1.OPEN SYSTEM
A.DISTANCE EDUCATION
Distance education can be defined as
the system of education in which education is imparted to students from a
distance. It contains two physical elements (a) physical separation of the
teacher and the student (b)changed role of the teacher. Distance education
methods can be successfully used for relating to groups who, for geographical,
economic or social reasons are unable or unwilling to make use of traditional
or conventional provision of education. Distance education can never be formal
as it is a nontraditional innovative method of education, employing a
multimedia approach including human contact. In fact the distance mode allows
the educational system to be open and the educational openness of the systems
suits the promotion of distance education.
BENEFITS OF DISTANCE MODE OF
EDUCATION
v It increases access to higher
education, especially for women, working
population, the deprived groups and those living in remote areas.
v It provides a second chance to
those who could not make it when young.
v It offers course with ample
options of subjects and electives.
v It helps in phasing out the study
as per changes in official, family or personal situations in one’s life.
v It provides tenability of
accumulating credits by successfully completing one or more subjects of a
course.
The
process of recruiting individuals in Distance Education situation is different
from that of other educational institutions, as the individuals joining have an
extremely blurred idea of their profile. Most Distance Education seeks quality
education, but is unable to meet their expectations when compared to direct
teaching knowledge acquisition should be a transparent process.
B. CORRESPONDENCE COURSE
It was in the third five year plan (GOI
1961-1966) that the planning commission took serious note of such a need and
referred to the need for correspondence education. The commission was stressed
that if deterioration in quality was to be avoided, an increase in the number
of students should be accompanied by a corresponding expansion of physical and
other leading facilities. It was in this context that proposals for evening
colleges, correspondence courses and award of external degrees were considered.
The Kothari commission recommended the
institutions of correspondence course in view of the greater flexibility,
economic viability and the innovative method of imparting education through
well prepared, pre-tested and constantly revised course materials. In ordrer to
maintain the educational standards, It also felt that some training and
continuing guidance should be provided to prepare self instructional study
materials. There should be personal contact between the teacher and the student
for about three weeks in a year.
Improvement of qualifications and the
desire to continue with higher education were identified as major motivating
factors for joining the correspondence course. Non-availability of time, mental
maturity, and non-existence of colleges in the locality, heavy, age,
employment, paucity of time, poor financial conditions and poor performance in
the last qualifying exams were found to be some other additional reasons.
Some of the limitations which
contributed to the ineffectiveness of correspondence education in India are:
a) Most of the correspondence
institutions do not have competent and
adequate staff. As a result they have low motivation.
b) Lessons are prepared with a hurry with no
regard to quality
c) Not much attention is paid to the
assignments; they are not evaluated,
corrected and returned to the students in time.
D) Most of the correspondence courses do not
have study centers and personal contact programmes are organized by only a few
institutions.
e) Too much
reliance is placed on the printed material and latest communication technology
is hardly used.
f) There is
considerable delay in the dispatch of lessons to the students.
C. OPEN UNIVERSITY
In view of the deficiencies of
correspondence education, the open education system was introduced in the
country. In fact it may be said that the introduction of the Open University
system is a direct outcome of the conventional system and of the correspondence
course institutions to deliver the goods. Another important concern was the
improvement of the quality of higher education. The first Open University
established on 26 August 1982 and now it is known as Dr.Ambedkar Open
University.
THE MAIN OBJECTIVES OF OPEN
UNIVERSITY
1. To reverse
the tide of admission in formal institutions.
2. To offer
education to people in their own homes and at their own jobs.
3. To enable
the students to earn while they learn.
4. To
provide counseling and guidance to people.
5. To take
education to the remotest villages, through radio, television and
correspondence courses.
FEATURES OF OPEN UNIVERSITY
v Relaxed entry requirements
v Flexibility in course combination
v Use of multimedia communication
teconology for furthering learning objective
v Provision of support services to
medicate the learning process
v Individualised study; flexibility
of pace, place of study etc.
Open universities have made a beginning in
democratizing higher educational opportunities for large segment of population
and also for those who have been denied education through conventional
education system.
2. LITERACY PROGRAMMES
Literacy
is the conventional sense of being able to read and write. In essence, literacy
is the facility of using in all its forms like reading, writing and oral
communication, besides some basics of arithmetic. The lowest limit of literacy
is the ability to read and write one’s own name and a few other words.
MASS LITERACY PROGRAMME
Mass literacy programme is an intentionally initiated movement by
the government of India to make literate, the masses of Indian population. It
was an attempt to make 80 million people literate between the age group of
15-35 by the year 1995.The main target areas and groups were rural people, women,
SCs, STs and who left out of the formal systems.
NATIONAL LITERACY MISSION
National Literacy Mission was set up by the government of India on
5 May 1988 with an aim to eradicate illiteracy in the country by imparting
functional literacy to non-literates. Thus, National Literacy Mission was
established not only to make everybody just reliant in the
3R’s-reading,writing,arithmetic-but also to make them aware of the development
issues affecting the society. The target group of National Literacy Mission is
people between the age of 15 and 35.
The National Literacy Mission initiated its first successful
literacy campaign in Kottayam city followed by Ernakulam district.
TOTAL LITERACY CAMPAIGN
Total Literacy Campaign is now accepted as
the dominant strategy for eradication of adult illiteracy in India. These
campaigns are area-specific, time bound, volunteer-based, cost-effective and outcome-oriented.
The thrust is on the attainment of functional literacy through the prescribed
norms of literacy and numeracy. The learner is the focal point in the entire
process. Through Total Literacy Campaign is meant to impart functional literacy
.It also disseminates a basket of other socially relevant messages such as
enrolment and retention of children in
schools, immunisation, propagation of small family norms, women’s equality and
empowerment.
ADULT EDUCATION
For very large number of adults in the world
today,adult education is a substitute for the basic education they missed.For
the many individuals they received only a very incomplete education,it is the
complement to elementary or professional education.It offers further education
to those who have already received high level training and it is a means for
the individual development for
everybody.
NEEDS AND IMPORTANCE OF ADULT
EDUCATION
v To widen the intellectual horizon
of the illiterate adult,who are partially illiterate.
v It gives new hopes to illiterate.
v It can help the adult in
co-operative living.
v Continuing education
v The adult education programme can
help for the progress of compulsory primary
education.
SOME PROBLEMS OF ADULT EDUCATION
v Defective policy of adult
education
v Want of proper planning
v Problem of curriculum
v Problem of method of teaching
v Problem of administration
3. EXTENSION EDUCATION
Extension
education is an out-of-school process which aims at helping people to help
themselves in solving their problems. The gramasevak teaches people how to
solve their problems. Gramasevak is a teacher of people. Extension education
helps people to help them in solving their present and future economic, social
and cultural problems. It helps both adult and youth. The ultimate aim of the help
through extension education is a greater satisfaction in life.
1. AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION
Agricultural extension is a general
term meaning the application of scientific research and new knowledge to
agricultural practices through farmer education.
2.
INDUSTRY EXTENSION
It is extending the knowledge on
managing and running industries.
3. VETERINARY AND ANIMAL
HUSBANDRY EXTENSION
It is extending knowledge about breeding,
managing, feeding and care of animals and birds.
4. HOME SCIENCE EXTENSION
Special programmes normally given to
girls related to home management, home arrangement including interior
decoration.
5. SOCIAL EDUCATION
Social education is the education
of society or community
FUNCTIONS OF
NON-FORMAL EDUCATION
1. Eradicate
illiteracy and poverty
2.
Development of technical skills
3. Chear the
educational needs of the drop-outs
4.
Development of social responsibility
5.
Empowerment of women
6. Social
uplift
7. Economic
development
8. Universal
education
9.
Upliftment of marginalized and special care to weaker groups
10.
Development of vocational competencies
CONCLUSION
Formal
education is a systematic, pre-planned and chronologically graded system and is
offered through schools, colleges, universities; independent research
organizations or any other definite institutions. Non-formal education mainly
aims the out-of-school children, unemployed youth and illiterates. There are
many schemes for non-formal education. Non-formal educational system is helpful
for those who cannot make use of the conservative system of formal education. Non-formal
education has a major role in moulding the society.
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