tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-70547471218218427852024-03-28T06:10:44.324-07:00EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMA NARRATION ON EDUCATIONsoorajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12279121492182645186noreply@blogger.comBlogger34125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7054747121821842785.post-60583949675618768762020-12-22T04:45:00.005-08:002020-12-22T04:45:51.096-08:00EASY MATHS TRICKS IN MALAYALAM<p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="387" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/XVGhRALdAnM" width="476" youtube-src-id="XVGhRALdAnM"></iframe></div><br /><p></p>soorajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02760195642795700450noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7054747121821842785.post-33297265287736025942020-02-14T19:57:00.001-08:002020-02-14T19:57:22.110-08:00USS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPER, USS MODEL QUESTION ,USS FREE CLASS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br /> 🍇🍇🍇🍇🍇🍇🍇🍇<br /><span style="font-size: large;"><b><a href="https://www.youtube.com/eduzoneforyou?sub_confirmation=1">LSS-USS CLASSES</a></b></span><br /> 🍇🍇🍇🍇🍇🍇🍇🍇<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>LSS USS VIDEO CLASSES ARE GIVEN BELOW. PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION ANSWERS ARE SOLVED.USE THE LINKS GIVEN BELOW. COMMENT YOUR OPENIONS.DON'T FORGET TO SUBSCRIBE THE CHANNEL</b><br /><br />
1. <a href="https://youtu.be/bkWhgRcwBV8">GK- PART 1</a><br /><br />2.<a href="https://youtu.be/MXXRS3EO5as">GK- PART 2</a><br /><br />3. <a href="https://youtu.be/usX8g0SBOpw">SocialScience- part 1</a><br /><br />4. <a href="https://youtu.be/b9ZsBn_32tA">Social part 2</a><br /><br />
5. <a href="https://youtu.be/yKZNxOnwxiY">science part 1</a><br /><br /><br />6 . <a href="https://youtu.be/PfZqDbwHDG0">science part 2</a><br /><br /><br />7 . <a href="https://youtu.be/83JOEK_2bEs">Maths part 1</a><br /><br /><br />8 . <a href="https://youtu.be/_woHEwxjq2A">maths part 2</a><br /><br /><br />9 . <a href="https://youtu.be/A5s1nhiUjYI">maths part 3</a><br /><br /><br />10. <a href="https://youtu.be/mx5wWAPKTC0">Maths part 4</a><br /><br /><br />11. <a href="https://youtu.be/sn3vlBoLabQ">Maths part 5</a><br /><br />🍇🍇🍇🍇🍇🍇🍇<br />please share and subscribe......<br />🍇🍇🍇🍇🍇🍇🍇🍇</div>
soorajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12279121492182645186noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7054747121821842785.post-29870873191411188442017-09-10T23:32:00.000-07:002019-11-27T04:44:02.035-08:00IMPLICATIONS OF PRAGMATISM IN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:RelyOnVML/>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><b><br /></b>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">INTRODUCTION</span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>One
of the most important schools of philosophy of education is pragmatism.
Pragmatism stands between idealism and materialism a sort of compromise. Its
origin can be traced from the Sophists philosophers of ancient Greece who held
that man is the measure of all things.</b></span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/eduzoneforyou?sub_confirmation=1" target="_blank">please consider subscribing our video channel</a></span> </b></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-Ho4FX4ON907szCAq6F_qK2ndhYLpLpSzJuKJgjasAX2pnKTpCztp7yzGijpo2GMd1XNWMC6rkbEEzOxDZIwJ_viNY-CIqyhFHe68AKmo3dZd0YOtMNEtDdM1RaaEZ3jVAdX7fu85d_M/s1600/pragmatism.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-Ho4FX4ON907szCAq6F_qK2ndhYLpLpSzJuKJgjasAX2pnKTpCztp7yzGijpo2GMd1XNWMC6rkbEEzOxDZIwJ_viNY-CIqyhFHe68AKmo3dZd0YOtMNEtDdM1RaaEZ3jVAdX7fu85d_M/s320/pragmatism.png" width="317" /></b></a></span></div>
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b> </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>The
term pragmatism derives its origin from a Greek word meaning to do, to make, to
accomplish. So the use of words likes ‘action’ or ‘practice’ or ‘activity’.
Action gets priority over thought. Experience is<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>at the centre of the universe. Everyone is
tested on the touch-stone of experience. Beliefs and ideas are true if they are
workable and profitable otherwise false. Will Durant sums up pragmatism as the
doctrine that truth is the practical efficiency of an idea. It follows there
from that pragmatism is not a philosophy but a method–the method of
experimentation. As a basis for school practice pragmatism opposes
pre-determined and pre-ordained objectives and curriculums. The past of the
pragmatist is dead.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Values are instrumental only. There are no
final or fixed values. They are evolved and are not true for all times and for
all situations. According to an undeviating standard of worth, pragmatism tends
to be individualistic, selfish; has no values; has no ethics and is thus superficial.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 101.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: red; font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">FORMS OF PRAGMATISM</span></b><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. <span style="color: blue;">HUMANISTIC PRAGMATISM</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">- </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>This
type of pragmatism is particularly found in social sciences. According to it
the satisfaction of human nature is the criterion of utility. In philosophy, in
religion and even in science man is the aim of all thinking and everything else
is a means to achieve human satisfaction.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. <span style="color: blue;">EXPERIMENTAL PRAGMATISM</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">-</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Modern science is based upon experimental
method. The fact that can be ascertained by experiment is true. No truth is
final, truth is known only to the extent it is useful in practice. The
pragmatists use this criterion of truth in every field of life. The human
problems can be solved only through experiment. </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3. <span style="color: blue;">NOMINALISTIC PRAGMATISM- </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>When
we make any experiment we attend to the result. Our aim is examination of the
material. Some hypothesis about the results invariably precedes every
experiment. According to nominalistic pragmatism, the results of an experiment
are always particular and concrete, never general and abstract.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4. <span style="color: blue;">BIOLOGICAL PRAGMATISM-</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>Experimentalism
of John Dewey is based upon this biological pragmatism according to which the
ultimate aim of all knowledge is harmony of the man with the environment.
Education develops social skill which facilitates one’s life. The school is a
miniature society which prepares the child for future life.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 72.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: red; font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">PRINCIPLES OF PRAGMATISM</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 72.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1.<span style="color: blue;"> PLURALISM- </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 72.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>Philosophically, the pragmatists are
pluralists. According to them there are as many words as human beings. The
ultimate reality is not one but many. Everyone searches truth and aim of life
according to his experiences.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. <span style="color: blue;">EMPHASIS ON CHANGE- </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>The
pragmatists emphasize change. The world is a process, a constant flux. Truth is
always in the making. The world is ever progressing and evolving. Therefore,
everything here is changing.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3. <span style="color: blue;">UTILITARIANISM</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">-</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>Pragmatists
are utility is the test of all truth and reality. A useful principle is true.
Utility means fulfillment of human purposes. The results decide the good and
evil of anything, idea, beliefs and acts. Utility means satisfaction of human
needs.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4.<span style="color: blue;"> CHANGING AIM AND VALUES</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">-</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>The
aim and values of life change in different times and climes. The old aims and
values, therefore, cannot be accepted as they are. Human life and the world is
a laboratory in which the aims and values are developed.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5. <span style="color: blue;">INDIVIDUALISM</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">- </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>Pragmatists
are individualists. They put maximum premium upon freedom in human life.
Liberty goes with equality and fraternity. Everyone should adjust to his
environment.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">6. <span style="color: blue;">EMPHASIS ON SOCIAL ASPECTS</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">- </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>Since
man is a social animal therefore, he develops in social circumstances. His
success is success in society. The aim of education is to make him successful
by developing his social personality.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">7. <span style="color: blue;">EXPERIMENTALISM</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">- </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>Pragmatists
are experimentalists. They give more importance to action than ideas. Activity
is the means to attain the end of knowledge. Therefore, one should learn by
doing constant experimentation which is required in every field of life.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 77.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: red; font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">PRAGMATISM AND EDUCATIVE PROCESS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 77.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>Activity lies at the centre of all educative
process. The basis of all teaching is the activity of the child, says Foster.
Every continuous- experience or activity is educative and all education, is
fact, resides in having such experience. But continuous growth in experience is
not the whole education. Education is something more. It is a constant
reorganizing or reconstructing of experience. Pragmatism approaches the
problems of education from the ‘progressivits’ view point “progress implies
change. Change further implies novelty”, so education cannot be conceived of as
acquired once for all. Problem solving is at the core of all education. The
educative process thus becomes empirical, experimental, and piecemeal: in a
word pragmatic.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 77.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: red; font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. EDUCATION AS LIFE- </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>Pragmatists
firmly believe that old and traditional education is dead and lifeless.
Education is a continuous re-organizing, reconstructing and integrating the
experience and activities of race. They want to conserve the worthwhile culture
of the past, think out the solutions to meet the new situations and then
integrate the two. Real knowledge can be gained only be activity, experiments
and real life experiences.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. EDUCATION AS GROWTH-</span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>Thus
education will be useful if it brings about the growth and development of the
individual as well as the society in which he lives. Education is meant for the
child and child is not meant for education and child is not empty bottle to be
filled up by outside knowledge. Each child is born with inherent capacities,
tendencies and aptitudes which are drawn out and developed by education. One of
the aims of education is to develop all the inherent capacities of the child to
the fullest extent.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3. EDUCATION AS A SOCIAL PROCESS-</span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>To
pragmatism, man is a social being. He gains more and more knowledge through
personal experiences than he gets from books. According to pragmatism, the
education of the child should be through the medium of society so that develops
in him socially desirable qualities which promote his welfare and happiness.
John Dewey rightly speaks out – Education is the social continuity of life.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4. EDUCATION A CONTINUOUS
RESTRUCTURING OF EXPERIENCE-</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>Education
is a process of development. Knowledge is gained by experiences and
experiments, conducted by the learner himself. One exercise leads to another
and so on and the area of knowledge is widened by the child. The process of
reconstruction of experience goes on and leads to adjustment and development of
personality. For pragmatists educational process has no end beyond itself. In
addition to the individual it is continuous reorganizing restructuring and
integrating the experience and activities of the race.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5. EDUCATION THE RESPONSIBILITY
OF STATE-</span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>Education
is the birth right of each individual and may not be within the right of the
individual, so the state should shoulder the responsibility. The refusal of the
state to do so may not lead the nation to suffering. It is for the state to
make the child capable and confident to meet the problems and challenges of
life successfully.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>AIMS AND PRAGMATISM</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pragmatists do not believe in any
pre-conceived aims of education. Aims cannot be conceived of as final, fixed
and immutable. Aims arise out of the ongoing experience and should lie wholly
within the child’s experience. Living as we do, in a changing world with an
uncertain and shifting future, human experience is prone to change. And so the
need to reshape our aims to meet the needs of such a dynamic environment as
ours has become where the invention of every machine means a new social
revolution. So it has been said that education has no aims. “Continuing
education “, says a UNESCO booklet, “has become a necessity in almost every
field of life from housekeeping to atomics”. Education is a lifelong process
and not as something to discipline the recalcitrant person in to conformity
with the pre-existing truth. The pupil should be able to, as they say, ’thing
through’ the problems. Education for Dewey is a process of individual growth and
development. But “growth itself“, says Brubacher “has no end beyond further
growth”. In other words, he goes on to say “education is its own end”.
Education means more education.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 84.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">PRAGMATISM AND CURRICULUM</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 47.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the field of curriculum
development, the following principles have been prescribed by pragmatists.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 47.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>1.
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PRINCIPLE OF UTILITY-</span> </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 47.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>According to this principle, only those
subjects, activities and experiences should be included in the curriculum which
are useful to the present needs of the child and also meet the future
expectations of adult life as well. As such Language, physical well-being,
physical training, Geography, History, Science, Agriculture and Home science
for girls should be included in the curriculum. </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 47.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>2.
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PRINCIPLE OF INTEREST- </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 47.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>According to this principle, only those
activities and experiences where in the child takes interest should be included
in the curriculum. According to John Dewey these interests are of four
varieties namely- (1) interest in conversation, (2) interest in investigation,
(3) interest in construction and (4) interest in creative expression. Keeping
these varieties of interests in view, at the primary stage, the curriculum
should included Reading, Writing, Counting, Art, Craft-work, Natural science
and other practical work of simple nature.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 47.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>3.
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PRINCIPLE OF EXPERIENCE- </span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 47.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>The third principle of pragmatic curriculum
is the child’s activity, vocation and experience. All these three should be
closely integrated. The curriculum should consist of such varieties of learning
experiences which promote original thinking and freedom to develop social and
purposeful attitudes.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 47.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>4.
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PRINCIPLE OF INTEGRATION- </span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 47.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>Pragmatic
curriculum deals with the integration of subjects and activities. According to
pragmatism knowledge is one unit. Pragmatists want to construct flexible,
dynamic and integrated curriculum which aids the developing child and the
changing society more and more as the needs, demands and situation require.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 273.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">PRAGMATISM AND METHODS OF
TEACHING</span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 273.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.05pt;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The whole emphasis of method of teaching in pragmatism is on child, not
the book, or the teacher or the subject. The dominant interest of the child is
“to do and to make”. The method should be flexible and dynamic. It must be
adaptable and <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">m</span>odifiable to suit
the nature of the subject matter and potentiality of the students. The
pragmatist’s curriculum provides for creative and purposeful activities in the
teaching- learning process. Pragmatists regard school is a’ miniature of
society’ where child gets real experiences to act and behave according to his
interests, aptitudes and capacities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 52.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Project method is a
contribution of pragmatist philosophy in education. According to Kilpatrick<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </span>“a project is a whole hearted purposeful
activity carried out in a social environment”. The child learns by doing says
John Dewey. All learning must come as a product of action. Learning by doing
makes a person creative, confident and co-operative. They also emphasize the
discovery and enquiry methods. The method like problem solving, play-way,
experimental and laboratory techniques which follow the principle of learning
by doing can be used according to pragmatic view.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 105.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">TEACHER</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 57.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pragmatism regards teacher as a
helper, guide and philosopher. The chief function of pragmatic teacher is to
suggest problems to his pupils and to stimulate them to find by themselves, the
solutions, which will work. The teacher must provide opportunities for the
natural development of innate qualities of children. His main task is to
suggest problems to his pupils and to guide them to find out solutions.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 120.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>DISCIPLINE</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.05pt;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>To utilize the interest of the pupil is the basis of discipline here.
The teacher and pupils attack a problem jointly. Teacher’s role is that of a
guide and a director; it is the pupil who acts, learning this becomes a
cooperative venture- a joint enterprise. Pursuit of common purposes enforces it
own order. Education becomes a social process of sharing between the members of
the various groups and all are equal partners in the process. That is no
rewards also there are no placing for the martinet so any punishments. The
discipline proceeds from the life of the school as a whole.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CONTRIBUTIONS OF PRAGMATISM TO EDUCATION</span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list -9.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pragmatism provides definite aims of education. The student is
prepared to live in society and learn skills and attitudes. Which are required
of him to live as a useful member of society?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list -9.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The teaching methods are based on learning by doing. The project
method is the contribution of pragmatism to modern education.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list -9.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pragmatism encourages a democratic way of learning through<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>purposeful<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>cooperative<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>projects and
activities.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list -18.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Utility in the educative process is the first criterion. The
school is expected to provide learning and experiences that are useful.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list -18.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Education is not bound to tradition. Pragmatic philosophers advise
us to test everything through our own experience.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list -18.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The teacher has to play a very challenging role in the educative
process under pragmatism and he has to be very alert and watchful.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 55.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">DEMERITS OF PRAGMATISM</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. OPPOSITION TO ETERNAL TRUTHS</span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>Pragmatism
is opposed to pre-determined truth. According to it, truth changes according to
a change in circumstances, times and places and is created by the consequences
of our actions and experiences. Pragmatists hold that if the results of an
activity are satisfying, then it is true otherwise not.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. OPPOSITION OF PRE</span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">-<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">DETERMINED IDEAS AND VALUES- </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>This
emphasizes that ideals and values are man-made and change according to changes
in circumstances, times and places. But all noble things have entered into this
human world by the efforts of those great persons who were inspired by the
great ideals namely- truth, beauty and goodness.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3. NO PRE</span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">-<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">DETERMINED AIMS OF EDUCATION</span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>There
are no set and pre determined aims of education as well. In the absence of
definite aims of education, all educational plans and efforts may go astray and
achieve nothing.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4. NEGATIONS OF SPIRITUAL VALUES-
</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>Pragmatists
deny the existence of spiritual values. Negligence of spiritual value is a
great blunder. Without developing spiritual values achieving human welfare,
peace and satisfaction is simply to cry for the moon.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5. OPPOSITION OF INTELLECTUALITY-</span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>Pragmatists
believe that a man’s intelligence is subservient to his innate tendencies. This
makes him only an animal.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">6. NEGATION OF POST</span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>Agmatists,
emphasizing only the present and future, and neglects the past. Without the
knowledge of past one cannot understand the present and without knowing the
present thoroughly nothing can be predicted for the future.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">7. DIFFICULTY IN THE CONSTRUCTION
OF CURRICULUM</span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>Pragmatism
emphasize that all knowledge is to be gained from experiences of life.
Selecting a project and construction of curriculum to gain all knowledge from
life experiences is very difficult.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">8. PRAGMATISM IS A METHOD ONLY</span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>Unlike
other philosophical doctrines, pragmatism does not lay down any aims, ideals
and values of life to be pursued by human beings. Hence, pragmatism cannot be
termed as a philosophy of life.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 103.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>MERITS OF PRAGMATISM</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>1. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">CONSTRUCTION OF PROJECT METHOD</span> </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>In
the field of methods of teaching, pragmatism has given birth to project method.
This method, a child indulging in various creative activities, is able to solve
many problems which cater to his natural progress and development.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>2<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">. IMPORTANCE OF CHILD- </span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>Opposing
bookish knowledge and formal education, pragmatism lays great stress upon the
development of child’s individuality by his own efforts.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>3. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">EMPHASIS ON ACTIVITY</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>Pragmatism
emphasizes upon activity. The principle of learning by doing is the main
contribution of pragmatism</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>4. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">FAITH IN APPLIED LIFE-</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>Pragmatism
emphasizes the practical life of child. Pragmatic education prepares the child
for future life in a very effective manner.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>5.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> SOCIAL AND DEMOCRATIC EDUCATION-</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pragmatism develops in the child love for
democratic values and social efficiency which bring harmonious adjustment and
development of personality.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>6. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">INFUSION OF NEW LIFE IN EDUCATION</span>- </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>Pragmatism
has revolutionized the process of education to a very great extent. This has
infused a new life and zest in education.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">CONCLUSION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 69.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>The foregoing discussion shows that pupil’s
immediate experiences, felt needs and purposes play a prominent part in the
determination of educational programmes and policies. This confirms the faith
in the worth and improvability of individuals. Pragmatism puts emphasis on free
flow of ideas, spirit of inquiry of investigation and discussion. Pragmatism
upholds the supreme value of man and prescribes freedom of thinking,
experimenting and experiencing for him. Not only this, it lays emphasis upon
flexibility, utility and adjustment in all fields of human activity promoting
the continuous development of individual and society to the fullest extent. </b></span></div>
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pragmatic philosophy is a
practical philosophy, having no fixed or absolute standards. Man always creates
new values and education should help him in doing so. Being practical and
utilitarian school of philosophy, pragmatism has influenced education to the
maximum extent. It has tried overcoming the limitations of other schools like
idealism and naturalism and has influenced world in a great deal</b></span><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b><br /></b>
<b><br /></b>
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>READ ALSO :</b></span><br />
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
<a href="http://educational-system.blogspot.in/2011/09/implications-of-idealism-in-educational.html">IMPLICATIONS OF IDEALISM IN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM</a></h3>
<div>
<a href="http://educational-system.blogspot.in/2013/02/implications-of-pragmatism-in.html"><b>IMPLICATIONS OF PRAGMATISM IN MODERN EDUCATION SYSTEM</b></a></div>
<div class="post-header">
</div>
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
soorajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12279121492182645186noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7054747121821842785.post-10585063016586569512013-09-22T02:17:00.002-07:002019-11-27T04:44:32.168-08:00VEDIC EDUCATION -GURUKULA SYSTEM OF EDUCATION<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>INTRODUCTION</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>The education system which was evolved first in ancient India is known</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>as the Vedic system of education. In other words, the ancient systems of</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>education were based on the Vedas and therefore it was given the name</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>of Vedic Educational System. Ancient education emerged from the Vedas.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>They are supposed to be the source of Indian philosophy of life. Vedas</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>means ‘to know’.</b><br />
<b> </b><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: large;"><b><a href="https://www.youtube.com/eduzoneforyou?sub_confirmation=1" target="_blank">please consider subscribing our video channel</a></b></span> </b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLGh8MInjUFhnxpuQ2Dclllz2C5rNgzwadVrB494UDhRmdAvikYqUk7Ubj0QNwZsjxm6fHrmXJ5xDSHh3r6k-h93HqVnNWWLlxiocyN-l_dElCwXXLLC2F9BPqn4WDSE0Szq6u_FlLrHw/s1600/gurukul.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLGh8MInjUFhnxpuQ2Dclllz2C5rNgzwadVrB494UDhRmdAvikYqUk7Ubj0QNwZsjxm6fHrmXJ5xDSHh3r6k-h93HqVnNWWLlxiocyN-l_dElCwXXLLC2F9BPqn4WDSE0Szq6u_FlLrHw/s320/gurukul.jpg" width="320" /></a></b></div>
<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Vedas occupy a very important place in the Indian life. The basis of Indian</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>culture lies in the Vedas which are four in number – Rigveda, Samveda,</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Yajurveda, and Atharavaveda.</b><br />
<b></b><br />
<a name='more'></a><b><br /></b>
<b>Some scholars have sub divided Vedic Educational period into</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Rig Veda period, Brahmani period, Upanishada period, Sutra (Hymn)</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>period, Smriti period etc but all these period, due to predominance of the</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Vedas, there was no change in the aims and ideals of educations. That is</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>why, the education of these periods, is studied under Vedic period. The</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>education system that prevailed during the Vedic times had some unique</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>characteristics. Education was confined to the upper castes, and to those</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>who were Brahmacharis. In Indian tradition, a person’s life cycle is divided</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>into four stages of which ‘Brahmacharis’ is the second phase. This is the</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>time set aside for learning and acquiring skills. During Vedic period, most</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>of the upper castes, which were either Brahmins or Kshatriyas, had their</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>education in a unique system called ‘Gurukulas’.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b> The most important contribution of ancient India not only for</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>India but also for the world is in the field of education. It may also be</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>remembered that education is not an abstract term. It is manifested in the</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>cultural economic, individual, philosophical, scientific, social and spiritual</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>advancement. In other words, education is the means for developing the</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>mind for the betterment of the individual and society.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>In the words of Albert Einstein, “We owe a lot to the Indians who taught us</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>how to count without which no worthwhile scientific discovery could have</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>made.” This word shows the importance of Vedic period and ancient Indian</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>education.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>MAIN FEATURES OF THE VEDIC EDUCATION</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b> In ancient India teaching was considered to be holy duty which</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>a Brahman was bound to discharge irrespective of consideration of the</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>fee teacher were expected to devote their lives to the cause of teaching</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>in the missionary spirit of self-sacrifice, and the society laid down the</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>principal that both the public and state should help the learned teachers &</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>educational institutions very liberally. Society realized that “Vidyadana” or</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>the gift in the cause of education was to be the best of gifts, possessing</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>a higher religious merit than even the gift of land. On the occasion of</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>religious feats, students and teachers were invited and donations were</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>given liberally.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>1. Immediate aim:</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b> The important aims of education in Vedic period are:</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>∗ Education for other world lines.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>∗ Character formation.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>∗ All round development for Personality.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>∗ Intellectual Development</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>∗ Spiritual Development</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>∗ Preparation for living</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>∗ Preserving and Transmitting Culture</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>∗ Education only a means and not an end in itself.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>2. Curriculum</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>1. Vedic Literature:</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>• The Rig-Veda.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>• The Yajurveda.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>• The Sam Veda</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>• The Atharavaveda</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>2. Vedangas.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>3. Hetuvidya.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>4. Silpa- vidya.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>5. Physical Education.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>6. Stress on other worldliness.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>3. Methods of Instruction:</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b> The important methods of learning are:</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>• Listening (Sravana is listening to words texts as they uttered by</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>the teacher.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>• Deliberation (Manana or Chintan is the process of deliberation or</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>reflection of the topic taught.)</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>• Meditation (Nidhidhyarama represents the highest stage.).</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>• Illustration</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>• Project Method</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>4. Duration of Education</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>In the house of the teacher, the student was required to obtain education</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>upto the age of 24, after which he was expected to enter domestic life.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Students were divided into three categories:</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>(a) Those obtaining education upto the age of 24-Vasu.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>(b) Those obtaining education upto the age of 36-Rudra.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>(c) Those obtaining education upto the age of 48-Aaditya.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>5. Role of Teacher</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>The teacher or acarya in the Vedic age was responsible not only in</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>imparting knowledge – religious as well as secular, but also in molding the</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>character and personality of the pupils of his asrama. The acarya of the</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>gurukula system was an affectionate father, an effective teacher, and a</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>person of high moral and spiritual qualities. He maintained discipline by</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>the influence of his personality. He was sincere and honest to his work. </b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>He taught with his heart and soul. He also performed the functions of a</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>householder performing the five daily yajnas and observing vows. He led a</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>disciplined life.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>6. Role of Mother in Education</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>A mother should impart education to her children so as to broaden their</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>horizon. At this stage good manners are to be taught so that the children</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>behave properly with the elders and in assemblies.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>7. The Student</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>The student in the Vedic school was called brahmacarin. He had to</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>dedicate his life for the sake of gaining knowledge, leading an enlightened</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>life. In his formative life he must lead an austere and disciplined life. The</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Upanishads clearly describe the qualities required for a brahmacarin. A</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>student had to be calm, patient, self-restrained and self-denying. The</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>student’s prayer included his longing for the realization of a full life. Thus</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>the main aim of the Vedic educational system was to produce a rational</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>individual, free from passions, full of universal affection, continuously selfeducating and striving to reach the highest goal.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>7. Female Education</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>During the Vedic age women were given full status with men. For girls</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>also the Upanayan (initiation ceremony) was performed and after that</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>their education began. They were also required to lead a life of celibacy</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>during education. They used to study the Vedas and other religious</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>and philosophy books; they were free to participate in religious and</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>philosophical discourses. Many ‘Sanhitas’ of Rigveda were composed by</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>women. In Gurukulas the gurus treated male and female pupils alike and</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>made no distinction what-so-ever.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>CHARACTERISTICS OF VEDIC EDUCATION</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>The important characteristics of Vedic education are:</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>• Vedas are the eldest World Literature.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>• Suitable age of education.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>• Rig-Veda is the mirror of Ancient Indian culture and </b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b> civilization.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>• Perfection in Education.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>• The main aim of Vedic education was to liberate the soul from</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b> worldly bondages.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>• Equal rights to education for all.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>• Ideal of teacher.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>• Education standard in the family.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>• Equal opportunity to gain education.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>• Sanskrit as the Medium of Instruction.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>• Education is through travel.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>AGENCIES OF VEDIC EDUCATION</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>There are three agencies of education:-</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>v Guru Kula</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>v Parishad</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>v Sammelan.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>1. Gurukulas</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Gurukulas were the dwelling houses of gurus situated in natural</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>surroundings away from noise and bustle of cities. Parents sent their</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>wards at the age of five years to nine years according to their castes after</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>celebrating their Upanayan Sanskar. Pupils lived under the roof of their</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>guru called ‘antevasin’ under the direct supervision of their Guru.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Gurukula as the name indicates was the family of the teacher and</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>his residence where the students used to stay during the period of study.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Gradually, the Gurukula were extended to include a number of buildings.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>However the institution was built up around the family of teacher. The</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>primary duty of the student was to serve the teacher and his family. The</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>students were like sons of the teacher and the whole institution lived like</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>family.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>2. Parishads</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Parishads were bigger educational institutions where several teachers</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>used to teach different subjects. This may be compared to a college</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Parishad in Upanishads, has been used for a conference of learned</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>men, assembled for deliberations upon philosophical problems. Later</b><br />
<b>on the ‘Parishads’ were set up at the places where learned men lived in</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>good number and gradually these institutions became permanent centres</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>of imparting knowledge. In the words of Dr. R. K. Mukherjee Parishad</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>correspondences to University of students belonging to different colleges.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>3. Sammelan</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Sammelan literally means getting together for a particular purpose. In this</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>type of educational institutions scholars gathered at one place for learned</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>discussions and competitions generally on the invitation of the king.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Scholars were appropriately rewarded.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>CONCLUSION</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>In Vedic era education had the prominent place in society. It was</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>considered as pious and important for society. Vedic age had, thus, a</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>system of education in which “hearing, chanting and memorizing, played</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>a great part, assimilation of idea took place through a well- planned life of</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>service to teacher, contemplation, all under his guidance. Education was</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>must for everybody for becoming cultured. Education was the fully capable</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>of development of physical and intellectual and character development,</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>development of civis, social, moral, and spiritual values, social efficiency</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>and happiness, preservation and spread of culture, infusion of piety, and</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>religiousness and development of best type of personality. Relationship</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>between Guru and pupils were very cordial during Vedic and Post-</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Vedic period. By means of education efforts were being made to infuse</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>―Satyam Shivam and Sundaram inside the students. A great importance</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>was attached to Veda in education system, self study Swadhyaya was</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>considered more important during that period. The Vedic period favoured</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>women education.</b></div>
soorajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12279121492182645186noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7054747121821842785.post-2753160109504668352013-09-02T23:41:00.000-07:002019-11-27T04:45:40.642-08:00PRE-SERVICE AND IN SERVICE TRAINING FOR QUALITY IMPROVEMENT <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:RelyOnVML/>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">INTRODUCTION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to Kothari commission, a teacher who
unlike an ordinary worker, acts as a master, crafts man, an artist, a strategist
and a powerful motivator. The environs of a classroom are enlivened by the
inspiring, dynamic, enthusiastic, encouraging, skillful and dedicated teacher.
It is he who shapes the destiny of students and that of the future citizens who
eventually shape the destiny of the country. Such a teacher only can
successfully in culture among children values that strengthen the ideals of
social justice, equity, secularism and pluralism. </span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b><a href="https://www.youtube.com/eduzoneforyou?sub_confirmation=1" target="_blank">please consider subscribing our video channel</a></b></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbRgqWXw-kwkDb993p9RRkzXTnMNEBlKU2XJuYoL5_ACutAwXf8R_MUXeibvEzLoegD2dQ8_8j5EgZvkdIZf5Jfz6qb4hSnY-YOCa1hEbhJ83ZjP-Jg9dgUkt2ZaE2Px7b2eHuhSOMwVM/s134/SmileyTeacher_zpsd9054805.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbRgqWXw-kwkDb993p9RRkzXTnMNEBlKU2XJuYoL5_ACutAwXf8R_MUXeibvEzLoegD2dQ8_8j5EgZvkdIZf5Jfz6qb4hSnY-YOCa1hEbhJ83ZjP-Jg9dgUkt2ZaE2Px7b2eHuhSOMwVM/s134/SmileyTeacher_zpsd9054805.gif" /></a></div>
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">By
its very definition, a professional, including a teacher is a lifelong learner
because of his association with scientific knowledge which keeps growing and so
opportunities have to be afforded to ensure that he keeps learning and
developing throughout his professional life. This is precisely the
responsibility of teacher education system which is more than a mere
combination of two of its major components i.e. pre-service teacher preparation
and in-service education. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Professional
preparation and professional development of teachers is a continuous process.
It begins with the selection of an aspirant teacher and includes his initial
preparation induction into the profession and his continuous development
throughout his teaching carrier. The formulation of policy and design of
teacher preparation and continuing professional development should optimally
take into account the whole spectrum of teacher learning.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">PRE-SERVICE
TEACHER EDUCATION, MEANING AND SIGNIFICANCE</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pre-service education of
teacher means, education of teachers before they enter into service as teacher.
During this period of teacher education programmes, teaching practice goes side
by side, while they are getting knowledge about theory papers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A good deal of improvement in the teacher
education programme is needed. Pre-service education is carried on for
preparing different types of teachers. Pre-service teacher preparation is a
collection of unrelated courses and field experience. Research based curriculum
development of pre-service teacher education is yet to take roots. These
programmes are intended to support and enhance teacher learning instill in them
a greater degree of self confidence. The beginning teachers in this case learn
from their practice and from the culture and norms of the unique school
settings where in they have been placed and interact with these cultures.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is important for teacher
educators to learn the methodology of how to get in touch with the core
qualities of a good teacher and how they can stimulate these qualities in
student teachers. This will lead to a deeper involvement in the learning
process of teacher educators as well as student teachers. The inclusion of
appropriate content knowledge about essential qualities of a good teacher in
relevant theory papers and practice of effective domain related traits in
school situation for a longer duration could help promote these traits in
student teachers. The teacher education programme needs to allow the space
where in a teacher’s personality could be developed as someone who is
reflective, introspective and capable of analyzing his or her own life and the
process of education at school so that after becoming a teacher, he becomes an
agent of change.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">PRE-PRIMARY TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMME.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Here teachers are trained
for teaching children of pre-primary classes. This type of teacher training is
generally called nursery teacher training (N.T.T). Teacher training institute
of this type are existing in different states. At Mussorie, there is Montessori
teacher training programme in one institution. That type of training institutes
are affiliated to association Montessori international. There are pre-basic
teacher training schools which prepare teachers for pre-primary schools. These
institutes are recognized by Hindustani Falimi sangh, Wardha. Some state
governments also conduct this type of teacher training programmes. The
universities of Jabalpur and Baroda run pre-primary teacher training course
leading to certificate. At Chandigarh education department U.T. Administration
is running such a course which is duly recognized by U.T Administration. In the
state of Haryana about two decades back Haryana government had given
affiliation for running this course of teacher training to Sohan Lal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>D.A.V college of education, Ambala city. But
then it was closed down by the government after the lapse of two-three years.
At present a few schools and colleges of education in the state of Haryana are
running one year N.T.T course meant for girls only who have qualified +2
examination. The said course is recognized by D.A.V college managing committee,
New Delhi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">PRIMARY TEACHER TRAINING INSTITUTES</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Primary teacher training institutes prepare teachers for teaching
to the children of primary courses. These institutes prepare the students for
junior basic training certificate (J.B.T). This training has been very popular
almost in all the states earlier<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
this training was meant for male and female teachers who were matriculates.
Recently some modifications have been made for giving training of J.B.T. After
passing J.B.T the teacher is able to earn a teaching diploma. How the minimum
qualification for training has been raised to 10+2 examination. In the states
of Punjab and Haryana, this type of teacher training is sanctioned to
government teacher training schools (or) district institute of education and
training (D.I.E.T) with the revision of grades of all type of teachers, J.B.T
training centers attract students of higher calibers and they possess higher
qualifications</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The National
Commission of Teachers has recommended the introduction of integrated four year
course for matriculates which will enable the teachers to earn teaching diploma
for teaching primary classes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">LANGUAGES PROFICIENCY TEACHERS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">This type of teacher training programme prepares teachers for
teaching Hindi, Punjabi and Sanskrit. This training is meant for those who are
10+2. It helps them to earn a teaching certificate called O.T (Hindi), O.T
(Punjabi), O.T (Sanskrit)etc. This type of teacher training programme has been
popular in government as well as non government institutes. At present, his
course is being run in a very few institutes. The government has almost
withdrawn its sanction to private recognized institutions.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">COLLEGE OF EDUCATION FOR SECONDARY TEACHERS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Teacher training for
secondary schools is given in the government as well as non-government colleges
of education. These colleges prepare teachers for middle, high (or) secondary
classes. Generally in these colleges it is one year course after B.A/B.Sc or
M.A/M.Sc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With the revision of grades
of teachers, the college of education has started attracting students with good
qualifications. In some states like Punjab , Rajasthan, entrance test have been
introduced. In the state of Haryana, The minimum qualification for competing in
the admission to B.Ed is 50% marks in B.A/B.Sc or M.A/M.Sc. Besides, entrance
test is also held. Marks in both are added up and then merit list is prepared. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">REGIONAL COLLEGES OF EDUCATION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>N.C.E.R.T started its own
regional colleges of education in four regions of the country to meet the
shortage of teachers for technical subjects such as agriculture, commerce, fine
arts, home science, etc. The different regional colleges of education are as
under:-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">REGIONAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION,
AJMER:-</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It is meant for U.P, Haryana, Delhi, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and
Jammu Kashmir. (Northern region)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">REGIONAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION.
MYSORE:-</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is meant for south region which
includes Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamilnadu and Kerala.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(iii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">REGIONAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION,
BHOPAL:-</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is meant for western states such as
Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(iv)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">REGIONAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION,
BHUBNESWAR:-</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is meant for eastern states such as
Assam, Manipur, Bihar, West Bengal and Tripura.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">TRAINING INSTITUTIONS FOR SPECIAL SUBJECT TEACHERS:-</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The following training
institutions prepare special subject teachers such as music, drawing, painting,
fine arts, home science, etc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(a) Viswa Bharathi University,
Santhinikethan (W.Bengal)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(b) Institute of Art education,
Jumia mitia, Delhi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(c) Government school of art,
Luck now</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(d) Kala kshetra, Adayar, Madras</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(e) One year diploma in physical
education for graduates at Govt: physical college of education, Patiala</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">G. INSTITUTE FOR POST GRADUATE
TEACHER EDUCATION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A)<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> ONE YEAR M.ED COURSE</b>: - this course is meant for those who have
already passed B.Ed. It is carried in the universities in some selected
colleges of education.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">B)<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> M.A IN EDUCATION</b>: - Like other M.A it is a two year course for
graduates. It is generally run by different universities. M.A in education is
considered equal to M.Ed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Post graduate diploma in
education, N.C.E.R.T, and some universities are running post graduate diploma
courses for greater efficiency of teachers. A few such courses are in the field
of research methodology, educational and vocational guidance evaluation,
audio-visual aids, social education, distances education etc. These courses are
mostly for teachers who have passed B.Ed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Special courses for teaching
English are conducted by control institute of English and foreign languages,
Hyderabad and regional institute of English.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">H. CORRESPONDENCE COURSE:- <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Correspondence courses for
teacher education have been started by some universities and colleges. The four
regional colleges of education under N.C.E.R.T were the first to start this
course. It is 14 month courses including four months training during two summer
vacation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">H.P University, Simla started
B.Ed and M.Ed courses in 1972. After one year, B.Ed courses through
correspondence were stopped. Jammu University, the B.Ed correspondence course
by Jammu University was meant<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>only
for in-service teachers. In south, Annamalai University is running B.Ed and
M.Ed correspondence course. Punjab University, Patiala also started B.Ed and
M.Ed correspondence courses. But new B.Ed by correspondence ion large scale is
banned by N.C.T.E</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">IN-SERVICE TEACHER EDUCATION –
MEANING</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The moment a teacher has
completed his training in a college of education, it does not mean that he is
now trained for all times to come. A teaching degree, like B.Ed makes him enter
into service as a teacher. Thereafter his job continues well only if he
continues his studies everyday in the classroom situations and outside the
classroom, he comes across problems and side by side he is a expected to sort
them out. There is need of more and more knowledge, more and more education for
making him a better teacher.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are formal an informal
programmes of in-service education organized from time to time. The higher
authorities concerned with education want to ensure that the standards of
education are properly maintained. That is possible only if the teachers
refresh their knowledge and keep it up to the mark. The different agencies,
therefore keep on organizing teacher education programmes for enriching the
knowledge of teachers and also for over all proficiency and betterment. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to Lawrence, “In-service
education is the education a teacher receives after he has entered to teaching
profession and after he has had his education in a teacher’s college. It
includes all the programmes – educational, social and others in which the
teacher takes a virtual part, all the extra education which he receives at
different institutions by way of refresher and other professional courses and
travels and visits which he undertakes. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">HISTORY OF IN-SERVICE TEACHER
EDUCATION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In-service education and training
of teachers has its own historical roots. Its journey from pre-independence to
post independence period is characterized by numerous policy statements
recommendations of different commissions regarding its content and strategies
for implementation it has grown from a concept to a process and gained its
importance for preparing teachers towards professional growth and development.
The root of in-service education can be traced back to pre-independent period
of 1904 in Lord Curzon’s resolution of educational policy which stated, “The
trained students whom the college was sent out should be occasionally brought
together again in seeing that the influence of the college makes itself felt in
the school.” Hartorg committee and sergeant committee referred to in-service
education as refresher courses and recommended for their organization on a
continuing basis. The secondary education commission was more specific in
recommending the programme of extension services for secondary teachers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">NEED AND IMPORTANCE OF IN-SERVICE TEACHER EDUCATION </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In our
country, the trend is that once a teacher has joined service as a teacher, he
continues to be so, through he may or may not study. It is not like that in
countries like U.S.A. There the teacher has to face the screening committee to
his re-appointment as a teacher after two or three years. In-service education
is badly needed for all types of teachers in India. The following points
indicate its need and importance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">. EDUCATION- A LIFELONG
PROCESS:-</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The teacher who does not study side
by side can’t remain a good teacher. Training of a teacher is a lifelong
process. He should continue making efforts in this direction for the whole
life. Rabindra Nath Tagore has rightly stated, “A lamp can never light another
lamp unless it continues to burn its flame. “ According to secondary education
commission “However, excellent the programme of teacher training may be, it
does not by itself produce an excellent teacher. Increased efficiency will come
through experience critically analyzed and through individual and group effort
and improvement.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> PROFESSIONAL GROWTH:-</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Every teacher is a
expected to be professionally bound, for the professional growth, he always
needs the guidance and help of others. The efficiency of the teachers must be covered
up. So the teacher need be up to the mark in every way.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">. EDUCATION IS DYNAMIC:-</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Education is very
dynamic. It depends upon the society which is fast changing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Due to the advancement in the field of
science and technology, there is explosion of knowledge. Accordingly the
curriculum and syllabus are also being changed with a good speed. Continuous
in-service education of the teacher can save the teacher from facing dire
consequences. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> MAKES DEMOCRATIC</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In-service
education helps the teacher in becoming fully democratic. By in-service
education programmes, the teacher is able to meet people of all types and he is
also able to share his experience with others.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">PROGRAMMES OF IN-SERVICE TEACHER EDUCATION </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0in 6.25in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>SEMINAR</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">- In a seminar some problems of
education are taken up and there is collective thinking. Discussions are held
and conclusions are arrived at all under the guidance of some experts.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">REFRESHER COURSES</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: - A refresher course means an
educational programme organized for refreshing the knowledge of in-service
teacher. Generally they acquire the teachers with the new development in the
field of education. With the coming up of new education policy, refresher
courses were arranged all around for teachers of different categories.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">WORKSHOPS</span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: - Workshops are organized for
giving in-service education to teachers. They involve more of practical work
and less theoretical discussion. These types of programmes are more useful for
the teachers. The teachers have to work practically and come out with final
materials to be seen by others. Organization of workshops consumes more time
than a seminar or conference.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">CONFERENCE</span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: - In a conference, there is a
broad discussion of subjects of practical interest. Generally there is a
central theme around which several sub topics are given. Teachers as per their
interest, present paper at the time of conference. The session ends with the
concluding remarks of the president</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">STUDY
GROUPS</b>: - Forming study groups and using them as a technique for in-service
education for teachers can work wonders. A group of teachers of the same
subject and a subject expert in the college of education are combined and start
working. They choose some topics of common interest (or) it may be a problem
related to their teaching subject. Discussion is started under guidance and
they continue thinking, studying and discussing that subject. If need arises,
someone may be invited for extension lecture. The study groups may be meeting
once in a week or even once in a month.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A
STUDY CENTRE OF PROFESSIONAL WRITINGS</span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: - Generally the materials are not under the reach of teachers.
The college of education, the extension service departments can help in this
direction. Various publications of N.C.E.R.T, some good books, materials
produced by different centers of education may be produced in the college
library.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The study of reading materials
will help the teacher to acquire sufficient knowledge in their subjects.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">EXPERIMENTAL
SCHOOLS</span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: - The
College of education should have their demonstration school and experimental
school. These are actually practicing schools where some experiences can be
performed. Whatever is taught in theory, which is put into practice by carrying
out experiments? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The experimental schools become
centers of learning for in-service teachers. Innovations done in these schools
may be advocated among the teaching staffs of other schools.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Regional colleges of education
affiliated to N.C.E.R.T have their experimental schools where those colleges
are showing leadership to the working teachers of other schools in their areas.
Other colleges have their practicing schools but they don’t have any
experimental schools or demonstration schools.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">CORRESPONDENCECOURSES</span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Correspondence courses can be
designed for giving in-service education to teachers. A few universities have
already started working in the area of in-service teacher education programmes.
Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages at Hyderabad provides post
graduate certificate course and diploma course through correspondence.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">OTHER PROGRAMMES</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: - A few programmes for
in-service education of teachers are suggested below:-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Educational tours</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Radio broadcast</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Film shows</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">T.V programmes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Extension lecture for teachers</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Exhibitions</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Exchange of
teachers</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">PROVISION OF
IN-SERVICE EDUCATION</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: - Different institutions are functioning where there is a
provision of in-service education of teachers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Some of them are doing commendable work in this field.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">STATE
INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION (SIE</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">):- In different states, SIE have been set up which cater to the
need of in-service education only. They organize seminars, workshops, etc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">STATE
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE: -</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> In some states, they have set up institutes for in-service
education of science teachers. They make efforts for developing scientific
attitudes among the teachers. Science exhibitions are also conducted there
which attract large number of children from the state. Thus it’s a great source
of inspiration for teachers and their students.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">REGIONAL
INSTITUTE OF ENGLISH</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: - </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Regional institute of English has
been set up in different regions of the country. They have their affiliation
with Central Institute of English and Foreign languages; Hyderabad. These
institutes impact four month certificate course in teaching English to
in-service teachers. The institutes gives scholarship to the trainees and the
teachers are paid full salary by the schools were they are employed. These
institutes are working for efficiency and improvement of English teachers</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">CONCLUSION</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Good education
requires good teachers” that it becomes essential that the most capable and
appropriate be recruited into the teaching profession, provided with high
quality pre-service programme of teacher education, and them offered
opportunities to upgrade their knowledge and skills over the full length of
their career. It is, therefore, essential that there is major reorientation of
teacher education to ensure that teachers are furnished with the necessary
knowledge and skills to cope with the new demands placed on them. It is strange
to note that too often teachers are helpless in front of machines which refuse
to work. How undignified it is for the teacher to be thwarted by machines</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With the increased capacity of communication
technology, language will become a very powerful instrument. The
teacher-education programme should be strengthened to develop language
competency among our teacher-taught. The modern time demands multi lingual
competence including the new computer languages that are bound to emerge with
expansion of computer-technology.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 201.05pt 341.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Continuing
teachers and other educators which commences after initial professional
education is over and which leads to the improvement of professional competence
of educators all throughout their careers.<b> </b></span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">READ ALSO : <a href="http://educational-system.blogspot.in/2012/01/role-of-scert-in-promoting-quality.html">ROLE OF SCERT IN PROMOTING THE QUALITY OF EDUCATION</a></span><br />
<br />
: <a href="http://educational-system.blogspot.in/2013/06/aims-of-education.html">AIM OF EDUCATION</a></div>
</div>
soorajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12279121492182645186noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7054747121821842785.post-46656793284827439282013-07-04T07:47:00.000-07:002019-11-27T04:40:11.760-08:00VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "garamond,bold"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Vocational
Education and Training<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwgPR0Pdvbzo5THkZDd5jOP9xsL6onzzdfpLnSHns-2fJmJXQ1aTCuvb6e_9f3rGaskYvkSdshPIqALzkm1hfeAjYAiAASGssAzsPX-5REySGDQ0fX0fKCM7XZ5UGQG2auNM9TtiEnj30/s448/multiple-students.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwgPR0Pdvbzo5THkZDd5jOP9xsL6onzzdfpLnSHns-2fJmJXQ1aTCuvb6e_9f3rGaskYvkSdshPIqALzkm1hfeAjYAiAASGssAzsPX-5REySGDQ0fX0fKCM7XZ5UGQG2auNM9TtiEnj30/s320/multiple-students.JPG" width="320" /></a></b></div>
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b><a href="https://www.youtube.com/eduzoneforyou?sub_confirmation=1" target="_blank">please consider subscribing our video channel</a></b></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>At
present, Vocational Education is provided only at<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>the +2
stage and, even here, it is restricted to a distinct<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>stream
that is parallel to the academic stream. In<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>contrast
to the NPE 1986 goal of covering 25 per cent<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>of the +2
enrolment in the vocational stream by the<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>year 2000,
less than 5 per cent of students choose this<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>option at
present. The programme has been debilitated<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>by a range
of conceptual, managerial and resource<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>constraints
for more than 25 years. Apart from being<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>viewed as
an inferior stream, it suffers from poor<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>infrastructure,
obsolete equipment, untrained or underqualified<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>teachers
(often on a part-time basis), outdated<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>and
inflexible courses, lac k of vertical or later al mobility,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>absence of
linkage with the ‘world of work’, lack of a<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>credible
evaluation, accreditation and apprenticeship<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>system,
and, finally, low employability (Report of the<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>Working
Group for the Revision of the Centrally<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>Sponsored
Scheme of Vocationalisation of Secondary<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>Education,
NCERT, 1998)</b></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><b>. Clearly, the gigantic and<o:p></o:p></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>urgent
task of building an effective and dynamic<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>programme
of vocational education is long overdue.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>Institutionalisation
of work-centred education as an<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>integral
part of the school curriculum from the preprimary<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>to the +2
stage is expected to lay the necessary<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>foundation
for reconceptualising and restructuring<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>vocational
education to meet the challenges of a<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>globalised
economy.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>It is
proposed, therefore, that we move in a<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>phased
manner towards a new programme of<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>Vocational
Education and Training (VET), which is<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>conceived
and implemented in a mission mode,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>involving
the establishment of separate VET centres<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>and
institutions from the level of village clusters and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>blocks to
sub-divisional/ district towns and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>metropolitan
areas. Wherever possible, it would be in<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>the
national interest to utilise the school infrastructure<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>(often
utilised for only a part of the day) for setting up<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>this new
institutional structure for VET. Such VET<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>centres/
institutions also need to be evolved in<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>collaboration
with the nationwide spectrum of facilities<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>already
existing in this sector. This will imply the<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>expansion
of the scope of institutions like ITIs,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>polytechnics,
technical schools, Krishi Vigyan Kendras,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>rural
development agencies, primary health centres (and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>their
auxilliary services), engineering, agricultural and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>medical
colleges, S & T laboratories, cooperatives and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>specialised
industrial training in both the private and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>public
sectors. These measures would natur ally call for<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>shifting
and adjusting the resources of the present<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>6,000 -
odd senior secondary schools with vocational<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>streams by
dovetailing them with the new VET<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>programme.
The vocational education teachers engaged<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>in these
schools at present should have the option of<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>either
being absorbed in to the work-centred education<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>programme
in the same school or being able join a<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>new VET
centre or institution in the region.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>VET would
be designed for all those children<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>who wish
to acquire additional skills and/or seek<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>livelihoods
through vocational education after either<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>discontinuing
or completing their school education.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>Unlike the
present vocational education stream, VET<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>should
provide a ‘preferred and dignified’ choice rather<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>than a
terminal or ‘last-resort’ option. As with the<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>school,
these VET institutions would also be designed<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>to be
inclusive, providing for skill development of not<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>just those
children who have historically suffered due<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>to their
economic, social or cultural backgrounds, but<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>also of
the physically and mentally disabled. A<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>well-designed
provision of career psychology and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>counselling
as a critical development tool would enable<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>children
to systematically plan their movement towards<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>their
future vocations or livelihoods, and also guide<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>the
institutional leadership in curricular planning and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>evaluation.
The proposed VET shall offer flexible and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>modular
certificate or diploma courses of varying<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>durations
(including short durations) emerging from<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>the
contextual socio-economic scenario. Decentralised<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>planning
of these courses at the level of individual VET<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>centres/
institutions and/or clusters thereof would have<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>to keep in
mind the ongoing rapid changes in<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>technology
and patterns of production and services in<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>a given
area, along with the diminishing access to natural<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>resources
and livelihoods for the vast majority of the<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>people.
The courses would provide multiple entry and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>exit
points with in-built credit accumulation facility. Each<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>course
will also have an adequate academic component<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>(or a
provision for a bridge course or both) in order<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>to ensure
lateral and vertical linkages with the academic<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>and
professional programmes. The strength of a VET<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>centre
would lie in its capacity to offer a variety of<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>options
depending upon the felt need of the aspirants.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>The VET
curriculum should be reviewed and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>updated
from time to time if the programme is not to<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>become
moribund and irrelevant to the vocations and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>livelihoods
in a given area or region. The centre<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>in-charges
or institutional leadership would need to have<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>access to
adequate infrastructure and resources as well<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>as be
vested with the necessary authority and academic<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>freedom to
establish ‘work benches’ (or ‘work places’<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>or ‘work
spots’) in the neighbourhood or regional rural<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>crafts,
agricultural or forest-based production systems<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>and
industries and services, thereby utilising the available<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>human and
material resources optimally. This<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>collaborative
arrangement has three advantages. First,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>the VET
programme can be set up with minimum<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>capital
investment. Second, the students would have<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>access to
the latest techniques and technology that<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>become
available in the area. Third, the students would<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>get
on-the-job experience and exposure to real-life<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>problems
of designing, production and marketing. For<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>this
purpose, it should be made obligatory for all kinds<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>of
facilities engaged in production and services such<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>as
agriculture, forestry, private and public sector<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>industries
(including cottage and small-scale<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>manufacturers)
to collaborate with the schools in the<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>area by
providing the required ‘work benches’ (or<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>‘work
places’ or ‘work spots’), in the addition to<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>offering
training and monitoring support.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>The
success of the VET programme is also<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>critically
dependent upon building up a credible system<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>of
evaluation, equivalence, institutional accreditation<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>(extending
to ‘work benches’ and individual expertise)<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>and
apprenticeship. Care has to be taken to ensure that<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>such
standardisation does not become a negative tool<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>for
rejecting/ disqualifying the diverse knowledge and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>skills
that characterise the different regions of India,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>especially
the economically underdeveloped regions like<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>the
North-east, hilly tracts, the coastal belt and the central<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>Indian
tribal region. An appropriate structural space<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>and a
welcoming environment will have to be created<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>in the VET
centres and institutions for engaging<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>farmers,
animal husbandry, fishery and horticulture<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>specialists,
artisans, mechanics, technicians, artists, and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>other
local service providers (inc luding IT) as resource<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>persons or
guest faculty.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>The
eligibility for VET courses could be relaxed<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>to include
a Class V certificate until the year 2010, when<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">the </span><i><span style="font-family: "garamond,italic"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan </span></i><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">is
expected to achieve UEE,<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>but
subsequently it must be raised to Class VIII<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>certificate
and eventually to Class X certificate when<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>the target
year of universal secondary education is<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>reached.
In no case, however, would children below<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>the age of
16 years be eligible for admission to a VET<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>programme.
VET centres could also act as skill and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>hobby
centres for all children from the primary stage<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>onwards,
and could be accessed before or after school<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>hours.
Such centres should also be available for schools<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>to
negotiate a collaborative arrangement for the<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>work-centred
curriculum even during school hours.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>In order
to translate this vision of VET into<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>practice,
several new support structures and resource<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>institutions
will have to be created at various levels,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>including
districts, states/ UTs and the centre, besides<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><b>strengthening
and reviving the existing national resource<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>institutions like NCERT’s
PSSCIVE at Bhopal.</b></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
soorajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12279121492182645186noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7054747121821842785.post-66286002106197560012013-07-03T07:41:00.000-07:002013-07-03T07:41:00.386-07:00INSERVICE COURCES(EDUCATION) AND TRAINING OF TEACHERS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Bold"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Bold";">In-Service
Education and Training of<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Bold"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Bold";">Teachers<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoHGvppTAV7kMREWJxpz8f1bT5CKRIZ0B-4VtedxRwkHg4kkBsxhnYe2RsaS2DAu8g70dznz-voD3ucMKf_xeswFc6pYN4Cwx4-PLL76GqCoufunj0qVO5Qq8geZBiID0KWNw0kEAyrwE/s234/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoHGvppTAV7kMREWJxpz8f1bT5CKRIZ0B-4VtedxRwkHg4kkBsxhnYe2RsaS2DAu8g70dznz-voD3ucMKf_xeswFc6pYN4Cwx4-PLL76GqCoufunj0qVO5Qq8geZBiID0KWNw0kEAyrwE/s234/images.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Bold"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Bold";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">In-service
education can play a significant role in the<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">professional
growth of teachers and function as an<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">agent for
change in school-related practices. It helps<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">teachers
gain confidence by engaging with their<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">practices
and reaffirming their experiences. It provides<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">opportunities
to engage with other teachers<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">professionally
and to update knowledge. The Education<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">Commission
(1964–66) recommended that in-service<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">education
for teachers should be organised by<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">universities
and teacher organisations to enable every<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">teacher to
receive two or three months of in-service<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">education
once in five years; that such programmes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">should be
based on research inputs; that training<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">institutions
should work on a 12-month basis and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">organise
programmes like refresher courses, seminars,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">workshops
and summer institutes. The Report of the<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">National
Commission on Teachers (1983–85) mooted<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">the idea
of Teachers' Centres that could serve as meeting<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">places,
where talent could be pooled and teaching<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">experiences
shared. It suggested that teachers could go<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">to centres
of learning on study leave. The NPE (1986)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">linked
in-service and pre-service teacher education on<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">a
continuum;</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"> it visualised the establishment of District<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">Institutes
of Education and Training (DIETs) in each<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">district,
upgradation of 250 colleges of education as<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">Colleges
of Teacher Education (CTEs), and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">establishment
of 50 Institutes of Advanced Studies in<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">Education
(IASEs), and strengthening of the State<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">Councils
of Educational Research and Training<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">(SCERTs).
The Acharya Ramamurthi Review<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">Committee
(1990) recommended that in-service and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">refresher
courses should be related to the specific needs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">of
teachers, and that evaluation and follow-up should<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">be part of
the scheme.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">In places
where multigrade schools have been<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">established
in order to facilitate access to primary<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">schooling,
teachers need special training in managing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">such
classrooms, which must be conducted by those<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">who have
experience in classroom management and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">organisation
for these classes. Prescriptions on how to<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">manage,
without the support of appropriate materials,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">or
guidance in planning units and topics, does little to<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">assist
teachers whose experience and imagination is<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">completely
oriented to the monograde setting. Instead<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">of being
merely told what to do, detailed unit planning<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">exercises,
along with direct practical experiences in<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">places
where multigrade class teaching practices have<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">become
established, and films depicting such situations,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">need to be
used in training and for helping teachers<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">overcome
their lack of confidence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Bold"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Bold";">Initiatives
and Strategies for In-Service<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Bold"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Bold";">Education<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">Following
NPE 1986, efforts have been made to<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">develop
institutions like DIETs, IASEs and CTEs for<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">providing
in-service education to primary and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">secondary schoolteachers;
500 DIETs, 87 CTEs, 38<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">IASEs, and
30 SCERTs, have been set up, although<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">many of
them have yet to function as resource centres.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">DPEP also
brought in the block and cluster resource<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">centres
and made in-service teacher education and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">cluster-level
schools as the follow-up for the main<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">strategies
for pedagogic renewal. In spite of the<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">widespread
efforts and specific geographical areas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">which have
shown improvements, by and large the<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">in-service
inputs have not had any noticeable impact<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">on teacher
practice.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">A major
indicator of quality of training is its<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">relevance
to teachers' needs. But most such programmes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">are not
organised according to actual needs. The<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">approach
adopted has remained lecture based, with<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">little
opportunity for trainees to actively participate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">Ironically,
concepts such as activity-based teaching,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">classroom
management of large classes, multigrade<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">teaching,
team teaching, and cooperative and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">collaborative
learning, which require active<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">demonstration,
are often taught through lectures.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">School
follow-up has also failed to take off, and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">cluster-level
meetings have not been able to develop<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">into
professional fora for teachers to reflect and plan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">together.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">Any
curriculum renewal effort needs to be<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">supported
with a well thought-out and systematic<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">programme
of in-service education and school-based<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">teacher
support. In-service education cannot be an<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">event but
rather is a process, which includes knowledge,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">development
and changes in attitudes, skills, disposition<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">and
practice — through interactions both in workshop<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">settings
and in the school. It does not consist only of<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">receiving
knowledge from experts; promotion of<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">experiential
learning, incorporating teachers as active<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">learners,
and peer group-based review of practice can<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">also
become a part of the overall strategy. Self-reflection<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">needs to
be acknowledged as a vital component of<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">such
programmes. A training policy needs to be worked<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">out,
defining parameters such as the periodicity, context<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">and
methodology of programmes. But efforts to<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">strengthen
quality and ensure vibrant rather than<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">routinised
interactions would require far more<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">decentralised
planning with clarity on goals and methods<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">for
training and transfer. 'Mass training using’ new<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">technologies
may be of use in some aspects of training,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">but much
greater honesty and bold creativity are required<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">for
addressing the concerns of practising teachers<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">directly,
including the deprofessionalised environments<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">in which
they work, their lack of agency, and their<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">alienation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">Dissemination
technologies can serve to build a<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">positive
ethos for curricular reforms if they are used<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">as sites
of discussion and debates in which teachers,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">training
personnel and community members can<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">participate.
Teachers require first-hand experience of<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">making
programmes themselves in order to develop<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">an
interest in the new technology. The availability of<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">computers
and linkage facilities remains quite inadequate<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">in
training institutes. This is one reason why the potential<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">of the new
communication technology for changing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">the ethos
of schools and training institutions has<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">remained
inadequately tapped.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">Pre-service
teacher educationas well as in-service training must<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">build the
necessary orientation andcapacities in teachers so that they<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">can
appreciate, understand and meet the challenges of the<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">curriculum
framework. In-servicetraining, in particular, must be<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">situated
within the context of theclassroom experiences of teachers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">DIETs,
which have theresponsibility of organising such<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">training,
should do so in a mannerin which both teachers and their<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">schools
benefit from such training.For instance, instead of the ad hoc<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">manner in
which teacher traineesare sent for in-service training by<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">the
educational administration, itwould be better for a cluster of<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">schools to
be identified and aminimum number of trainees (at<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">least two,
to enable some peersharing and reflection) invited<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">from each
school to participate inan in-service training programme.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">DIETs, in
coordination withBRCs, could identify the schools<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">for this
purpose. In order that teaching time is not unduly<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">affected,
and teacher trainees are able to make the link between<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">theory and
practice, the mandatory days for training could be split up<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">over the
course of the year to include on-site work in their own<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">classrooms
as well.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">Training
could comprise a variety of activities in<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">addition
to contact lectures and discussions in the teacher<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">training
institutions and include workshops in schools<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">in the
cluster, projects and other assignments for teachers<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">in their
classrooms. To link pre-service and in-service<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">training,
the same schools can become sites for preser<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">vice
internship, and student teachers can be asked to<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">observe
classroom transaction in these schools. This<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">could
serve not only as feedback to teacher educators<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">for
strengthening the training programme but can also<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">become the
basis of critical reflection by teacher trainees<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">during the
latter part of the training programme. To<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">take the
process forward, there could be interactive<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">sessions
with headmasters from the concerned schools<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">so that
they can play the role of a facilitator in the<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">changes in
classroom practices that the teacher trainees<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">may like
to make. Systems for monitoring and feedback<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">must
include SCERTs/DIETs /BRCs and CRCs so<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">that
academic support can be envisaged in follow ups',<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">documentation and research.</span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
soorajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12279121492182645186noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7054747121821842785.post-80977998136070872322013-07-02T07:34:00.000-07:002013-07-02T07:34:00.520-07:00ROLE OF LIBRARY TO IMPROVE QUALITY OF EDUCATION<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Bold"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Bold";">Libraries<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Bold"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Bold";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi65k1IOsXvRMqy0twMFifPS3E571Z2Rl7MPaftWI6DtUVAXacUvaiYv8rAtiA4M2ThhLgFeSos2fXlBMD1F_k6DuF7WPjSBaqqwxm-DfhIlAK4UBrvtaCVo3lKLFuTzqgSJppoDR0GzmM/s261/LIB.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi65k1IOsXvRMqy0twMFifPS3E571Z2Rl7MPaftWI6DtUVAXacUvaiYv8rAtiA4M2ThhLgFeSos2fXlBMD1F_k6DuF7WPjSBaqqwxm-DfhIlAK4UBrvtaCVo3lKLFuTzqgSJppoDR0GzmM/s261/LIB.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Bold"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Bold";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">School
libraries have been a subject of policy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">recommendations
for a long time, but a functioning<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">library in
the school continues to be a rarity. It is<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">important
that future planning treats the library as an<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">essential
component of the school at all levels. Both<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">teachers
and children need to be motivated and trained<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">to use the
library as a resource for learning, pleasure,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">and
concentration. The school library should be<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">conceptualised
as an intellectual space where teachers,</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">children
and members of the community can expect<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">to find
the means to deepen their knowledge and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">imagination.
A system of cataloguing books and other<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">materials
available in the library needs to be developed<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">so that
children can become self-reliant library users.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">Apart from
books and magazines, a school library<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">should
provide access to the new information<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">technology
to enable children and teachers to connect<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">with the
wider world. In the initial stages of planning,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">block-level
or cluster-level libraries can be set up. In<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">the
future, India must move towards equipping every<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">school,
irrespective of its level, with a library. In many<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">parts of
the country, community libraries are<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">functioning
in rural areas, and government libraries exist<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">in many
district headquarters. Futuristic planning would<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">require
the amalgamation of such structures in a school<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">libr ary
network in order to maximise the use of<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">resources.
The Raja Ram Mohan Roy Library<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">Foundation
can be given additional resources to act as<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">a nodal
agency for conceptualising a library network<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">for
schools and for monitoring it after it has been<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">created.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">In the
day-to-day life of a school, the library can<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">serve many
different kinds of purposes. Restricting<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">the use of
the library to one period a week seldom<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">allows
children to cultivate a taste for reading. Facilities<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">are to be
provided to allow children to borrow books.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">Training
of teachers in library management and use is<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">required
to meet the demands of this situation. Where<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">the size
of the school building permits a separate room<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">for the
library, it is important to pay attention to creating<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">a positive
ethos in this space by providing good lighting<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">and
seating arrangements. It should even be possible<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">for a
teacher to conduct a class in the library by drawing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">upon its
resources. It could also serve as a place for<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">holding
discussions, watching a craftsman from the<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">community
giving a demonstration, or listening to a<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">stor
yteller. Creating such resource libraries to support<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">teachers
at the cluster and block levels will complement<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">and
strengthen curriculum renewal. Each block could<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">specialise
in a subject area so that together there are<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">adequate resources in the
district.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Bold"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Bold";">Libraries<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";">One period a week to be devoted to librar y reading.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";">During this time, children sit and read silently in the<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";">librar y. They r eturn the books borrowed the previous<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";">week and bor row new ones.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";">If ther e is no library room, the teacher can bring out<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";">books appropriate to the age group and allow children<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";">to choose from the set. It is important to let the child<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";">choose rather than having the teacher distribute the<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";">books.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";">Library books can be brought into the language class .<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";">For class projects, children can be asked to look up a<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";">reference in the library.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";">Children can be asked to write about the book they<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";">have read that week during the language class.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";">Children can be asked to share a stor y they have read<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";">with the other children in class.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</div>
soorajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12279121492182645186noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7054747121821842785.post-10394684016496374202013-07-02T02:36:00.000-07:002019-11-27T04:43:28.137-08:00VEDIC EDUCATION<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: red; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MAJOR FEATURES OF THE VEDIC SYSTEM OF
EDUCATION IN ANCIENT INDIA<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75"
coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe"
filled="f" stroked="f">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/>
<v:formulas>
<v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/>
</v:formulas>
<v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/>
<o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/>
</v:shapetype><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_2" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75"
alt="http://s4.hubimg.com/u/6343555_f260.jpg" style='width:262.5pt;height:174.75pt;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\sree\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.jpg"
o:title="6343555_f260"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><u><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhICYpNwL96m_agb6lAwCVRMDOddg_-LkqkCb185j7fjnpBpp2M2vQvkSsVvw8K-lnubiY2RnSJZ5Dxo2g1rghuHW66kEh4QAHWg9y9hMpQnXbNhVI6k9anOCG4gEQhcHG5ISIsh5WFF1s/s1600/gurukul.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhICYpNwL96m_agb6lAwCVRMDOddg_-LkqkCb185j7fjnpBpp2M2vQvkSsVvw8K-lnubiY2RnSJZ5Dxo2g1rghuHW66kEh4QAHWg9y9hMpQnXbNhVI6k9anOCG4gEQhcHG5ISIsh5WFF1s/s320/gurukul.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: red; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CONTENTS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 25.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">v<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 25.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">v<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Salient
Features Of Vedic Education In Ancient India<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 25.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">v<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Forms
Of Educational Institutions In Vedic Period<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 25.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">v<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Role
Of Teacher And Students<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 25.1pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">v<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Conclusion<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 5.5in; text-align: right;">
<br /></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 5.5in; text-align: right;">
<br /></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 5.5in; text-align: right;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: red; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: red; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">INTRODUCTION<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b> The education system which was evolved first
in ancient India is known as the Vedic system of education. In other words, the
ancient system of education were based on the Vedas and therefore it was given
the name of Vedic Educational System. Vedas occupy a very important place in
the Indian life. The basis of Indian culture lies in the Vedas which are four
in number – Rigveda, Samveda, Yajurveda, and Atharavaveda. Some scholars have sub divided Vedic Educational
period into Rig <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Veda
period, Brahmani period, Upanishada period, Sutra (Hymn) period, Smriti period
etc but all these period, due to predominance of the Vedas, there was no change
in the aims and ideals of educations. That is why, the education of these
periods, is studied under Vedic period. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>“Swadesh
Pujyate Raja, Vidwan Sarvatra Pujyate”</b></span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/eduzoneforyou?sub_confirmation=1" target="_blank">please consider subscribing our video channel</a></span> </b></span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b></b></span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b></b></span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b></b></span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b> This verse widely quoted in India illustrates
the significance of education in India. The education system of Vedic period
has unique characteristics and qualities which were not found in the ancient
education system of any other country of the world.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b> According to Dr. F. E. Key, “To achieve their
aim not only did Brahmans develop a system of education which, survived even in
the events of the crumbling of empires and the changes of society, but they,
also through all those thousands of years, kept a glow of torch of higher
learning.”<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b> In the words of Dr. P. N. Prabhu, “Education
in ancient India was free from any external control like that of the state and
government or any party politics. It was the kings duties to see that learned
Pundits, pursued their studies and performed their duty of imparting knowledge
without interference from any source what so ever.”<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>The
education system that prevailed during the Vedic times had some unique characteristics.
Education was confined to the upper castes, and to those who were BRAHMACHARIS.
In Indian tradition, a person’s life cycle is divided into four stages of which
BRAHMACHARI is the second phase. This is the time set aside for learning and
acquiring skills. During Vedic period, most of the upper castes, which were
either Brahmins or Kshatriyas had their education in a unique system called GURUKULAM.
Students had their education by living with their preceptors in forests far
removed from cities, towns or villages. The life of students who were called
SHISYAS was very rigorous and demanding. Those who failed to live up to these
high standards would simply fall by the wayside. There were legendary acharyas
like Sanandeepani and Dronacharya who taught epic heroes like Krishna and
Arjuna martial skills, but what makes the Vedic period unique is the existence
of sages like Gautama and Jaimini who were founder of different schools of
Indian philosophy like <i>Nyaya </i>and <i>Purva Mimamsa</i><i>.</i>
This was a period of intense intellectual activity and speculation, which we
hardly find even now. While <i>Nyaya</i> and <i>Vaisheshika</i>
were theistic philosophies, <i>Sankhya</i> was atheistic.</b></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><b><o:p></o:p></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>There
were of two types of BRAHMACHARIS who attended such GURUKULAMS, they were: UPAKURVANA
BRAHMACHARI who remains a student for a limited time period after which he
marries and becomes a householder and NAISHTHIKA BRAHMACHARI who remains
a student and celibate throughout life dedicated to the pursuit of learning.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: red; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SALIENT FEATURES OF VEDIC EDUCATION IN ANCIENT INDIA<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Infusion of Spiritual
& Religious Values: </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>The
primary aim of ancient education was instilling into the minds, of pupils a
spirit of being pious and religious for glory of God and good of man. The
pursuit of knowledge was a pursuit of religious values. Education without
religions instructions was not education at all. It was believed that a keener
appreciation of spiritual values could be fostered only through a strict
observance if religious rites.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Character
Formation and Personality Development</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>In
no period of the History of India, was so much stress laid on character
building as in the Vedic period. Wisdom consisted in the practice of moral
values. Control of senses and practice of virtues made one a man of character.
Moral excellence could come only through practising moral values. The teacher
and the taught were ideals of morality, for both practiced it all through their
lives. The Guru in the ancient times
realized that the development of personality is the sole aim of education. The
qualities of self-esteem, self confidence, self restraint and self respect were
the personality traits that the educator tried to inoculate in his pupils
through example.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Development of Civic
Responsibilities and Social Values</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>The
inculcation of civic virtues and social values was an equally important
objective of education in India. The Brahmachari after his education in the
Gurukulas went back to the society to serve the rich and the poor, to relieve
the diseased and the distressed. He was required to be hospitable to the guests
and charitable to the needy. After a certain period of studies he was required
to become a householder and to perpetuate his race and transmit his culture to
his own off springs.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Knowledge: </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Education
is knowledge. It is mans third eye. This aphorism means that knowledge opens
mans inner eye, flooding him with spiritual and divine light, which forms the
provision for man‘s journey through life.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.
Aims of Education: </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>The
ultimate aim of education in ancient Indian was not knowledge as preparation
for life in this world or for life beyond, but for complete realization of self
for liberation of the soul from the chains of life both present and future.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6.
Methods of Instruction </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>It
was a pupil centered education. No single method of instruction was adopted,
though recitation by the pupil followed by explanation by the teacher, was
generally followed. Besides question – Answer, Debate and Discussion, Story
telling was also adopted according to need. There was no classroom teaching.
However monitorial system was prevalent and senior pupils were appointed to
teach Juniors. Travel was regarded as necessary to give finishing touch to
education so the methods of teaching generally practiced during vedic period
were mainly Maukhik (oral and other method was based on Chintan (thinking or
reflection) In the oral method the students were to memorize the mantras (Vedic
Hyms) and Richayas (Verses of Rigveda) in order that there might not be changed
wrongly and they might remain preserved in their original forms.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7.
Medium of Instruction </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>As
these educational institutions were managed and organized by Brahmans and all
the books written in Sanskrit, therefore the medium of instruction was
Sanskrit.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8.
The ‘Upnayana’ Ritual </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>The
word ‗upnayana ‗means to take close to, or to being in touch with. A ceremony
called the upnayana ceremony was performed before the child was taken to his
teacher. This ceremony was performed at the ages of 8,11 and 12 for the
Brahmins, Kshatriyas and Vaishyas, respectively. The ceremony signaled the
childs transition from infancy to childhood and his initiation into educational
life. In this context, the term ‗upanayana‘ means putting the students in touch
with his teacher.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9.
Celibacy or Brahamacharya </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Every
student was required to observe celibacy in his specific path of life. Purity
of conduct was regarded as of supreme importance. Only the unmarried could
become students in a Gurukul. On entering student life, the student was made to
wear a special girdle called a ‗makhla‘. Its quality depended on the caste of
the student. The students were not allowed to make use of fragrant, cosmetic or
intoxicating things. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10.
Alms System </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>The
student had to bear the responsibility of feeding both himself and his teacher,
this was done through begging for alms, which was not considered bad. Since
every domestic knew that his own son must be begging for alms in the same way
at some other place. The reason behind the introduction of such a practice was
that accepting alms induces humility. The student realized that both education
and subsequent earning of livelihood were made possible for him only through
society‘s service and its sympathy. For the poor students, Begging for alms was
compulsory and unavoidable, but even among the prosperous, it was generally accepted
practice. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">11.
Practicability </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Apart
from intellectual aspect of education its practical side was not lost sight of
and along with art, literature and philosophy, students got a working knowledge
of animal husbandry, agriculture and other professions of life. In addition
education in medicine was also imported.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">12.
Duration of Education </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>In
the house of the teacher, the student was required to obtain education up to
the age of 24, after which he was expected to enter domestic life students were
divided into three categories: <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 4.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>a) These obtaining education up to the age of 24 –
Vasu <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 4.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>b) These obtaining education up to the age of 36 –
Rudra <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 4.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>c) These obtaining education up to the age of 48.-
Auditya. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">13.
Curriculum </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Although
the education of this period was dominated by the study of Vedic Literature,
historical study, stories of heroic lives and discourses on the puranas also
formed a part of the syllabus. Students had necessarily to obtain knowledge of
metrics. Arithmetic was supplemented by the knowledge of geometry. Students
were given knowledge of four Vedas – Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda and
Atharvaveda. The syllabus took with in its compass such subjects as spiritual
as well as materialistic knowledge, Vedas, Vedic grammar, arithmetic knowledge
of gods, knowledge of the absolute, knowledge of ghosts, astronomy, logic
philosophy ethics, conduct etc. The richness of the syllabus was responsible of
the creation of Brahman literature in this period. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">14.
Plain Living and High Thinking </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>The
education institutions were residential in the form of Gurukulas situated in
forest, where teachers and pupils lived together. Education imparted was in the
pure, colm and charming atmosphere of the Gurukulas and Ashramas and emphasis
was laid on the development of character through ‗Plain Living and High
Thinking‘. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">15.
Academic Freedom </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Due
to academic freedom students remained busy in thinking and meditation. It
enhanced originality among them <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">16.
High place to Indian culture </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Indian
culture was full of religious feelings and it was assigned a very high place in
the field of education. Vedic culture was kept intact and transmitted through
word of mouth to succeeding generations. The ancient Indian education system
was also successful in Preserving and spreading its culture and literature even
without the help of art of writing, it was only because of the destruction of
temples and monasteries by invaders that literature was lost. The cultural
unity that exists even today in the vast- sub continent in due to the
successful preservation and spread of culture and the credit goes to Ancient
Education System.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">17.
Commercial Education and Mathematics Education </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Commercial
education and Mathematics education is also one of the chief features of vedic
period. The ideas of the scope and nature of commercial education can be held
from manu. Knowledge of Commercial geography, needs of the people of various
localities, exchange value and quality of articles and language spoken at
different trade centre were considered necessary. Theory of banking was also
included in the course. Though there were no organized educational
institutional training was usually imparted in the family. As far as
Mathematics education is concerned, ancient Indian quite early evolved simple
system of geometry. Shulva sutra are the oldest mathematical works probably
compased between 400 BC and 200 A. D. Aryabhata (476.52 BC) is the first great
name in Indian Mathematics. The concept of Zero also belonged to this period.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">18. Female Education<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>During
the Vedic age women were given full status with men. For girls also the
Upanayan (initiation ceremony) was performed and after that their education
began. They were also required to lead a life of celibacy during education.
They used to study the Vedas and other religious and philosophy books, they
were free to participate in religious and philosophical discourses. Many ‘Sanhitas’
of Rigveda were composed by women. In Gurukulas the gurus treated male and
female pupils alike and made no distinction what-so-ever. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: red; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">FORMS OF
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN VEDIC PERIOD<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gurukulas </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Gurukulas
were the dwelling houses of gurus situated in natural surroundings away from
noise and bustle of cities. Parents sent their wards at the age of five years
to nine years according to their castes after celebrating their Upanayan
Sanskar. Pupils lived under the roof of their guru called ‘antevasin’ under the
direct supervision of their Guru. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Gurukula
as the name indicates was the family of the teacher and his residence where the
students used to stay during the period of study. Gradually, the Gurukula were
extended to include a number of buildings. However the institution was built up
around the family of teacher. The primary duty of the student was to serve the
teacher and his family. The students were like sons of the teacher and the
whole institution lived like family. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.
Parishads </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Parishads
were bigger educational institutions where several teachers used to teach
different subjects. This may be compared to a college parishad in Upanishads,
has been used for a conference of learned men, assembled for deliberations upon
philosophical problems. Later on the ‘Parishads’ were set up at the places
where learned men lived in good number and gradually these institutions became
permanent centres of imparting knowledge. In the words of Dr. R. K. Mukherjee Parishad
correspondences to University of students belonging to different colleges. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.
Sammelan </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Sammelan
literally means getting together for a particular purpose. In this type of
educational institutions scholars gathered at one place for learned discussions
and competitions generally on the invitation of the king. Scholars were
appropriately rewarded.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: red; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ROLE OF TEACHER AND STUDENTS<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>In
Bhartiya Darshan ‘Guru‘has significant place. It consists of two words, Gu-ru.
The word ‘Gu’ indicated darkness and ‘ru’ means controller. It means to avoid
darkness or ignorance. In Vedas the term achariya is used for guru. Guru is
considered greatest treasure of knowledge. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b> In educative process teacher and students are
the two components; a teacher provides physical, materialistic and spiritual
knowledge to his students. The educative process is teacher centred. Guru
satisfies the curiosity and needs of his students. Guru was the spiritual
father of his pupils. Gurus were taking care of their pupil in same manner as a
father takes care of his son.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>When
a student was to become a pupil of any Guru, the recognized way of making
application to him was to approach him with fuel in his hands as a sign that he
wished to serve him and help to maintain his sacred fire. With ‘Upanayan’
ceremony the disciple (shishya) gained the generous shelter and patronage of
his gurus. The term ‘shishya’ indicates the following qualities. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 4.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>a) He is to be administered guru <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 4.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>b) He is able to obey his guru <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 4.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>c) He may be punished by his guru <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 4.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>d) He is be wished by his guru <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 4.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>e) He is to be Preached by his guru <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 4.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>f) He is to be treated equality <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>g)
He is devoted committed to acquired wisdom <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>In
the Dharam Sutra, there are rules laid down for the conduct of both teachers
and pupils. The pupil was subjected to a rigid discipline and was under certain
obligations towards his teacher. He should remain with his teacher as long as
his course lasted and not live with anybody else.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: red; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CONCLUSION<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>In
Vedic era education had the prominent place in society. It was considered as
pious and important for society. Education was must for everybody for becoming
cultured. Relationship between Guru and pupils were very cordial during vedic
and post- vedic period. By means of education efforts were being made to infuse
―Satyam Shivam and Sundaram‖ inside the students. A great importance was
attached to veda in education system, self study Swadhyaya was considered more
important during that period. The vedic period favored women education.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>The
ancient Indian education system was successful in preserving end spreading its
culture and literature even without the help of art of writing. It was only
because of the destruction of temples and monasteries by invaders that the
literature was lost. The cultural unity that exists even today in the vast
sub-continent is due to successful preservation & spread of culture. The
education system infused a sense of responsibilities and social values. The
ancient education system achieved its aims to the fullest extent.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b> Ancient education emerged from Vedas. The
basis of Indian culture lies in the Vedas.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>READ ALSO : <a href="http://educational-system.blogspot.in/2013/09/vedic-education-gurukula-system-of.html">MORE ON VEDIC EDUCATION</a></b></span></div>
</div>
soorajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12279121492182645186noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7054747121821842785.post-84876680686647811902013-07-01T07:29:00.000-07:002013-07-06T22:56:24.479-07:00ROLE OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Bold"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Bold";">Educational
Technology<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7qb1EuTWGLBE2o0ed9V5635BQRKs3tNCIgMBnrH4XKcZf1xDbr8ZPtTZ9S7FLKhUS8_gj-czKSlsj1MNLgCyBP5NoMoS0BgEML5hTEfctmjQhsvo3D0ZAsjd72xrv9-nFsefD6_lsPzg/s214/ET.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7qb1EuTWGLBE2o0ed9V5635BQRKs3tNCIgMBnrH4XKcZf1xDbr8ZPtTZ9S7FLKhUS8_gj-czKSlsj1MNLgCyBP5NoMoS0BgEML5hTEfctmjQhsvo3D0ZAsjd72xrv9-nFsefD6_lsPzg/s214/ET.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Bold"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Bold";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">The
significance of Educational Technology (ET) as a<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">site for
curriculum planning has been widely recognised,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">but
detailed guidelines and strategies for its educationally<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">optimum
use have not yet been worked out. Generally,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">technology
has been used as a medium to disseminate<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">information,
and as a way of addressing the scarcity<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">of good
teachers—usuallythe consequence of poor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">recruitment
policies.ET, which is used toredress the problem<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">of quality
of teaching, can only exacerbate the disillusionment <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">of
teachers withteaching. If ET is to become a means of enhancing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">curricular
reform, it must treat the majority of teachers<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">and
children not merely as consumers but also as active<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">producers.
There must be widespread consultation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">regarding
use during development and implementation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">ET
facilities need to be used at all levels of schools —<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">cluster
and block resource centres, district, state and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">national
level institutions — in order to provide handson<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">experience
in using ET. Such experiences provided<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">to
children, teachers and teacher educators, could<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">include
something as simple as the audio-recording of<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">an
interview with a village elder, to making a video<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">film or a
video game. Providing children more direct<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">access to
multimedia equipment and Information</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">Communication
Technology (ICT), and allowing them<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">to mix and
make their own productions and to present<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">their own
experiences, could provide them with new<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">opportunities
to explore their own creative imagination.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPpRUlhY8NH4PjSYmcYIZEt5XmKYUKGoivEh0lHNyRFIFwgN2778H9affKhSI4kDb_5wLtNg_2x_MJiSXgL05irBQjwPIZ9jTpMq_nhL4-qZv124DvLQctk_0NZZd2DO76VKTb0BOmLwo/s1600/game_zpse6a92599.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPpRUlhY8NH4PjSYmcYIZEt5XmKYUKGoivEh0lHNyRFIFwgN2778H9affKhSI4kDb_5wLtNg_2x_MJiSXgL05irBQjwPIZ9jTpMq_nhL4-qZv124DvLQctk_0NZZd2DO76VKTb0BOmLwo/s320/game_zpse6a92599.gif" width="320" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">Such an
experience of ET production, rather than<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">only
watching and listening to programmes in a passive<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">way, can
lay the foundation for far better utilisation of<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">the
country’s enormous ET facilities. Interactive,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">Net -
enabled computers, rather than only CD-based<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">computer
usage, would facilitate a meaningful<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">integration
of computers and enhance the school<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">curriculum
in rural and remote areas by increasing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">connectivity
and enhancing access to ideas and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">information.
It is such two-way interactivity rather than<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">one-way
reception that would make technology<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">educational.
Rather than trying to reproduce and mimic<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">classroom
situations, orteaching the textbook<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">content,
or animating lab experiments, ET could<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">realise
far better potential if topics are taken up but<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">developed
into non-didactic explorations, leaving<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">learners
free to relate to the knowledge web<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">progressively,
and learn at their own levels of interest.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">Such
access to knowledge in regional languages is still<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">very
limited, and is one of the main reasons for the<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">persistent
and growing divide between learners from<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">urban and
rural schools, and learners from regional -<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">language
and English - medium schools. The potential<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">of such
encyclopaedias and documentaries for children<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">is still
underdeveloped. Materials such as textbooks,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">workbooks
and handbooks for teachers can be<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">designed
with the awareness of existing stocks of<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">good-quality
audio or video material and sites where<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">extra
resources are available on the Net. Classics of<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">cinema
need to be made accessible through such<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">measures.
For instance, a child studying about village<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">life
should have easy access to Satyajit Ray’s classic,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";">Pather Panchali, </span></i><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">either as a CD to
be borrowed from<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">the CRC or
to be viewed on a nationally managed<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">website.
Future textbooks need to be conceptualised<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";">For primar y school children, video simulations and<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";">demonstrations cannot substitute for hands-on<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";">experiences and learning.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">and
designed in ways that might integrate knowledge<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">in
different subjects and experiences, thus facilitating<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">the
assimilation of knowledge. For instance, a middle<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">- school
textbook that discusses the history of Rajasthan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">and
mentions Meera should be able to offer the text<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">of a </span><i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";">bhajan </span></i><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">composed by her, and also
refer to a<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">source
where that </span><i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";">bhajan </span></i><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">has been archived, so that<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">children
can listen to M.S. Subbulakshmi singing it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">Integration
of knowledge and experience along<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">these
lines would take away the sense of burden and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">boredom
that our present-day education induces. In<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">science
and mathematics, and in teaching children with<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">disabilities
, the potential of ET, including IT, is widely<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">appreciated.
It is important to realise this potential in<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">achieving
curricular goals, with more age-specific<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">planning
on the use of ET. Governments and other<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">agencies
responsible for financial planning need to take<o:p></o:p></span></div>
this fuller range of ET’s
demands and benefits.<br />
<br />
READ ALSO:<a href="http://educational-system.blogspot.in/2013/06/role-of-critical-pedagogy-in-education.html">ROLE OF CRITICAL PEDAGOGY IN EDUCATION</a><br />
:<a href="http://educational-system.blogspot.in/2013/06/role-of-critical-pedagogy-in-education.html">IMPORTANCE OF ECLECTIC APPROACH IN EDUCATION</a></div>
soorajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12279121492182645186noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7054747121821842785.post-60447937152445908022013-06-30T07:24:00.000-07:002019-11-27T04:48:25.507-08:00ROLE OF TEXTBOOKS IN EDUCATION<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "garamond,bold"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Texts
and Books<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmQd-xuB7dXCRtv9mlX9kNRYsRlBW7I6TgfAAC1cfiSS4zol204RUhmcbLhZjNxR6GuxB8KJQLcwgD_l-OUxHHypUCEcUdDKLXHtgUPQfpMILxOwkijqH8pNkjL1DIPm9cUOTXUlgAWqo/s326/boy_reading_book.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmQd-xuB7dXCRtv9mlX9kNRYsRlBW7I6TgfAAC1cfiSS4zol204RUhmcbLhZjNxR6GuxB8KJQLcwgD_l-OUxHHypUCEcUdDKLXHtgUPQfpMILxOwkijqH8pNkjL1DIPm9cUOTXUlgAWqo/s320/boy_reading_book.gif" width="282" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "garamond,bold"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Popular
perception treats the textbook as the prime<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">site for
curriculum designing. Though curriculum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">planning
is a much wider process, curriculum reform<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">seldom
goes beyond changing the textbook. </span><b><span style="font-family: "garamond,bold"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Improved<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "garamond,bold"; font-size: 16.0pt;">textbooks
</span></b><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">that are carefully written and designed,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">professionally
edited and tested, offering not merely<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">factual
information but also interactive spaces for<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">children
are important. But curricular reform can go<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">much
farther if textbooks are accompanied by several<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">other
kinds of materials. Subject </span><b><span style="font-family: "garamond,bold"; font-size: 16.0pt;">dictionaries, </span></b><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">for<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">instance,
can relieve the main textbook from becoming<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">encyclopaedic,
burdened by carrying definitions of<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">technical
terms, and instead allow the teacher to focus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">on
understanding concepts. The triangular relationship<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">between high-speed
classroom teaching, heavy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">homework
and private tuition, which is a major source<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">of stress,
can be weakened if textbook writers focus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">on
elaboration of concepts, activities, spaces for<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">wondering
about problems, exercises encouraging<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">reflective
thinking and small-group work, leaving the<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">definition
of technical terms to a subject dictionary</span><b><span style="font-family: "garamond,bold"; font-size: 16.0pt;">.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "garamond,bold"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: large;"><b><a href="https://www.youtube.com/eduzoneforyou?sub_confirmation=1" target="_blank">please consider subscribing our video channel</a></b></span> </span></b><br />
<a name='more'></a><b><span style="font-family: "garamond,bold"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "garamond,bold"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Supplementary
books, workbooks, and extra<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "garamond,bold"; font-size: 16.0pt;">reading
</span></b><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">come next. In certain subjects, such as<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">languages,
the importance of such material needs no<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">fresh
recognition, but the concept of such material does<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">call for
fresh thinking. Current textbooks contain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">uninteresting
content covering different genres, and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">workbooks
simply repeat exercises of the type already<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">found in
textbooks. In mathematics, and the natural<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">and social
sciences, such supplementary materials still<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">need to be
developed. Such books could draw<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">children’s
attention away from the text to the world<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">around
them. Indeed, for subjects like art, workbooks<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">may form
the main classroom material. There are<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">fine
examples of such materials produced for the study<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">of the
environment, introducing children to the<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">observation
of trees, birds and the natural habitat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Such
resources need to become available to the teacher<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">and for
use in the classroom.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "garamond,bold"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Atlases
</span></b><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">have a similar role to play in enriching<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">the
child’s understanding of the ear th, both as a natural<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">and as a
human habitat. Atlases of stars, flora and fauna,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">people and
life patterns, history and culture, etc. can<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">greatly
enlarge the scope of geography, history and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">economics
at all levels. Posters on these areas of<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">knowledge,
as well as other matters of concern on<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">which
general awareness needs to be promoted, can<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">also
enhance learning. Some of these concerns include<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">gender
bias, inclusion of children with special needs,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">and
Constitutional values. Such material could be<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">available
in a resource library and at the cluster level to<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">be
borrowed by schools for use, or they could be<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">placed in
the school library, or made available by<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">teachers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "garamond,bold"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Manuals
</span></b><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">and resources for teachers are just as<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">important
as textbooks. Any move to introduce a new<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">set of
textbooks or a new kind of textbook should<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">include
the preparation of handbooks for teachers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">These
handbooks should reach principals and teachers<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">before the
new textbooks do. Teachers' handbooks<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">can be
designed in many dif ferent ways. They need not<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">cover the
content of the textbook chapter-wise, though<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">that can
be one of the approaches. Other formats can<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">be equally
valid: offering a critique of established<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">methods
and suggesting new ones, and including lists<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">of
resource materials, audio and video materials and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">sites on
the Internet. These would provide tips for<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">teachers,
which they could use for lesson planning. Such<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">source
books need to be available during in - service<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">training
of teachers and during meetings when they<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">plan their
teaching units.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Ver
tically organised group classrooms (multigrade<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">or
multiability) require a shift away from textbooks<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">designed
for monograde classrooms, which assume<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">that all children
are being addressed by the teacher<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">together
and that they are all at the same stage and are all<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">expected
to do the same thing. Instead, there is a need<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">for
alternative types of materials to be made available<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">to
teachers as a basis of planning lessons and units:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times-roman" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">•
</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Thematic lesson with a variety of exercises and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">activities
a t different levels for different groups.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times-roman" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">•
</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Graded self - access materials that children can<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">engage
with on their own with minimum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">scaffolding
from the teacher, allowing them to<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">work on
their own or with other children.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times-roman" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">•
</span><span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Whole - group activity plans, say, storytelling or<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">performing
a small drama, based on which<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">children
can do differ ent activities. For example,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">all
children from Classes I to V may enact the<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">folk story
of the rabbit and the lion together,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">and after
this Groups I and II may work with<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">flashcards
with the names of various animals;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Group III
and IV may make a series of<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">drawings
and then write out the story against<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">each
drawing, working in small groups; and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Group V
may rewrite the story, suggesting<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">alternative
endings to it. Without the support<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">of
appropriate materials, most teachers find<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">themselves
trying to juggle monograde class<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">groups,
with the result that for the majority of<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "garamond" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">children,
time on the task becomes very low.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
soorajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12279121492182645186noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7054747121821842785.post-33786507609132709132013-06-29T21:27:00.000-07:002013-06-29T21:27:00.629-07:00ROLE OF HEALTH AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Bold"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Bold";">HEALTH
AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Bold"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Bold";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>It is
widely acknowledged that health is influenced by<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>biological,
social, economic, cultural and political forces.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>Access to
basic needs like food, safe drinking water<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>supply,
housing, sanitation and health services influences<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>the health
status of a population, and these are reflected<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>through
mortality and nutritional indicator s. Health is a<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>critical
input for the overall development of the child,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>and it
influences enrolment, retention and school<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>completion
rates significantly. This curriculum area<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>adopts a
holistic definition of health within which<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>physical
education and yoga contribute to the physical,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>social,
emotional and mental development of a child.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>Undernourishment
and communicable diseases are<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghRl6ZV2JsywMmJXpYreTu2D1zlZjBjFUh-yi0-mOykjo3pDb8ZaMABSLw3eix27g3KGMMF8vUD89VKVhWEriSQFD1NjEYh82eBpVb4ioD3X-VjU98vsETnoQXVQvf_ogJJ7vLcLHMIEc/s1600/Health_PE.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghRl6ZV2JsywMmJXpYreTu2D1zlZjBjFUh-yi0-mOykjo3pDb8ZaMABSLw3eix27g3KGMMF8vUD89VKVhWEriSQFD1NjEYh82eBpVb4ioD3X-VjU98vsETnoQXVQvf_ogJJ7vLcLHMIEc/s320/Health_PE.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>the major
health problems faced by the majority of<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>children
in India, from the pre-primary to the higher<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>secondary
school stages. Therefore, the need to address<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>this
aspect at all levels of schooling, with special attention<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>to
vulnerable social groups and girl children. It is<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>proposed
that the midday meal programme and medical<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>check-ups
be made a part of the curriculum and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>education
about health be provided that address the agespecific<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>concerns
at different stages of development.</b></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>The idea
of a comprehensive school health programme,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>conceived
in the 1940s, included six major components,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>viz.,
medical care, hygienic school environment, and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>school
lunch, health and physical education. These<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>components
are important for the overall development<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>of the
child, and hence need to be included in the<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>curriculum.
The more recent addition to the curriculum<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>is yoga.
The entire group must be taken together as a<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>comprehensive
health and physical education curriculum,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>replacing
the fragmentary approach current in schools<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>today. As
a core part of the curriculum, time allocated<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>for games
and for yoga must not be reduced or taken<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>away under
any circumstances.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>There is
growing realisation that the health needs of<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>adolescents,
particularly their reproductive and sexual health<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>needs,
require to be addressed. Since these needs<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>predominantly
relate to sex and sexuality, which is culturally<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>a very
sensitive area, they are deprived of opportunities<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>to get the
appropriate information. As such, their<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>understanding
of reproductive and sexual health and their<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>behaviour
in this regard are guided predominantly by<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>myths and
misconceptions, making them vulnerable to<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>risky
situations, such as drug/substance abuse and HIV/<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>AIDS
transmission. Age- appropriate context-specific<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>interventions
focused on adolescent reproductive and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>sexual
health concerns, including HIV/AIDS and drug/<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>substance
abuse, therefore, are needed to provide children<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>opportunities
to construct knowledge and acquire life skills,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>so that
they cope with concerns related to the process of<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>growing up.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Bold"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Bold";"> Strategies<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>Given the
multidimensional nature of health, there are<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>many
opportunities for cross-curricular learning and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>integration.
Activities such as the National Service<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>Scheme,
Bharat Scouts and Guides, and the National<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>Cadet
Corps are some such areas. The sciences provide<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>opportunities
for learning about physiology, health and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>disease,
and the interdependencies between various<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>living
organisms and the physical habitat. The social<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>sciences
could provide insights into community health<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>as well as
an understanding of the spread, control and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>cure of
infectious diseases from a global<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>socio-economic
perspective. This subject lends itself<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>to applied
learning, and innovative approaches can be<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>adopted
for transacting the curriculum.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>The
importance of this subject to overall<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>development
needs to be reinforced at the policy level,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>with
participation by administrators, other subject<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>teachers
in schools, the Health Department, parents<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>and
children. Recognising this subject as a core subject<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>Health and
Physical Education must continue to be a<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>compulsory
subject from the primary, to the secondary<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>stages,
and as an optional subject at the higher secondary<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>stage.
However, it needs to be given equal status with<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>other
subjects, a status that is not being given at present.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>In order
to transact the curriculum effectively, it is<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>essential
to ensure that the minimum essential physical<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>space and
equipment are available in every school, and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>that
doctors and medical personnel visit school<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>regularly.
Teacher preparation for this area needs<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>well-planned
and concerted efforts. This subject area,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>consisting
of health education, physical education and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>yoga, must
be suitably integrated into the elementary<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>and
secondary pre-service teacher education courses.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>The
potential of the existing physical education training<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>institutes
should be reviewed and utilised adequately.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>Similarly,
their appropriate syllabi and teacher training<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>for
transaction of yoga in schools need to be reviewed<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>and
reformulated. It is also essential to ensure that these<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>concerns
are integrated into the activities of the National<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>Service
Scheme, the Scouts and Guides, and the<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>National
Cadet Corps.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>The
'needs-based approach' could guide the<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>dimensions
of the physical, psychosocial and mental<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>aspects
that need to be included at different levels of<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>schooling.
A basic understanding of the concerns is<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>necessary,
but the more important dimension is that<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>of
experience and development of health, skills and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>physical
well being through practical engagement with<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>play,
exercise, sports, and practices of personal and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>community
hygiene. Collective and individual<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>responsibilities
for health and community living need<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>to be
emphasised. Several national health programmes<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>like
Reproductive and Child Health, HIV/AIDS,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>Tuberculosis
and Mental Health have been targeting<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>childr en
as a focus group with prevention in view. These<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>demands on
children need to be integrated into existing<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>curricular
activities rather than adding these on.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>Yoga may
be introduced from the primary level<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>onwards in
informal ways, but formal introduction<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>of yogic
exercises should begin only from Class VI<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>onwards.
All interventions, including even health and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>hygiene
education, must rely on the practical and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>experiential
dimensions of children's lives. There may<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>be more
emphasis on the inclusion of sports and games<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>from the
local area.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>It should
be possible to organise the utilisation<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>of school
space, at the block level at least, for special<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>sports
programmes both before school hours and after<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>school
hours to enable children with special talents for<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>sports to
come here for special training and during<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>vacation
periods. It should also be possible to develop<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>these
sports facilities so that many more children can<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>avail of
these for leisure-time sports activities and engage<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>with team
games such as basketball, throwball,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>volleyball, and local forms
of sports.</b></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
soorajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12279121492182645186noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7054747121821842785.post-63331412449496923042013-06-28T21:18:00.000-07:002013-06-28T21:18:00.480-07:00WORK AND EDUCATION (SOCIALLY USEFUL PRODUCTIVE WORK)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Bold"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Bold";">WORK
AND EDUCATION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUuzSa6yquB0f9iGJouFtS5xNRtTk8OldW-VtJgp14CdWGZeNY4BFpVp_2ovJNnGMo5XWgfd6H6epv66drlXaQps8CuwdlLhNfUGkTMappnsRFwBLEjTBn7hm_QOqUkCfq-knFO_FdYCw/s1600/imageWORK1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="154" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUuzSa6yquB0f9iGJouFtS5xNRtTk8OldW-VtJgp14CdWGZeNY4BFpVp_2ovJNnGMo5XWgfd6H6epv66drlXaQps8CuwdlLhNfUGkTMappnsRFwBLEjTBn7hm_QOqUkCfq-knFO_FdYCw/s320/imageWORK1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Bold"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Bold";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>Work,
understood simply, is an activity directed toward<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>making or
doing something. It also means making<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>one’s work
or capabilities, or both, available for<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>someone
else’s purposes for monetary or other forms<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>of return.
A number of these activities are related to<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>producing
food, articles of daily use, looking after the<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>physical
and mental well-being of people, and other<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>activities
related to the administration and organisation<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>of
society. In any society, in addition to these, two basic<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>dimensions
(producing goods and establishing smooth<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>functioning),
various other activities also contribute to<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>human
well-being, and in that sense are considered<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>forms of
work.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxL8eK8nFswU6phOiWxbkOuHe_OClrGNBID_lT4wmQ_2LwZLctJNbkpFzM4BubXSskZj7PqMtop4gvL-rFd5s0XZrkLYmjDvl2TIyFjkHsrX69iuPTs8wlNVtLjJ288g8avhwyrTyD5iU/s1600/imagesW2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxL8eK8nFswU6phOiWxbkOuHe_OClrGNBID_lT4wmQ_2LwZLctJNbkpFzM4BubXSskZj7PqMtop4gvL-rFd5s0XZrkLYmjDvl2TIyFjkHsrX69iuPTs8wlNVtLjJ288g8avhwyrTyD5iU/s1600/imagesW2.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>Understood
in this sense, work implies a<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>commitment
to other members of the society and/or<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>community
as one is contributing one’s work and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>capabilities
for fulfilling their needs. Second, it implies<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>that one’s
contribution made through work will be<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>submitted
to public standards of performance and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>hence will
be valued and judged by others. Third, work<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>implies
contributing to the functioning of social life as<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>it either
produces something that makes life possible<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>or helps
in the functioning of society in general. Finally,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>work
enriches human life as it opens up new dimensions<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>of
appreciation and enjoyment.</b></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>However,
we must not forget that children are<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>often
socialised into discriminatory practices and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>values and
that adults socialise children within the<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>dominant
socio-cultural paradigm. It is important<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>to
recognise that both adults and children are<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>socialised
in the same way. We also have to remember<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>that work
as forced labour is perhaps the most<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>demeaning
of all coercions. There have to be adequate<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>measures
in place to ensure that introduction of work<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>as an
integral part of the curriculum should never<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>lead to a
situation where work is thrust on unwilling<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>children,
or that the ‘work’ itself is a hindrance to the<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>child’s
education and normal growth and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>development.
Routine and repetitive activity carried<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>on for the
sake of production or work that is<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>associated
with the division of labour based on caste<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>and gender
should be strictly avoided. Also, a teacher<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>making
children work without him/herself<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>participating
in the work is unlikely to achieve the<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>objectives
of integrating work with the curriculum.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>The
inclusion of work within the school must also<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>never be
used as the justification for the exploitation<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>of
children.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>Work is
also an arena for learning for children,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>whether in
the home, the school, the society or the<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>workplace.
Children begin to absorb the concept of<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>work as
early as the age of two years. Children imitate<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>their
elders and like pretending to do work. For<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>example,
it is not unusual to see very young children<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>pretending
to ‘sweep’ the floor, or ‘hold meetings’, or<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>‘build
houses’, or ‘cook’. Work as an educational tool<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>is used by
many pedagogies. For example, the<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>Montessori
system integrates work concepts and skills<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>from the
very beginning. Cutting vegetables, cleaning<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>the
classroom, gardening and washing clothes are all a<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>part of
the learning cycle. Beneficial work that is in<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>keeping
with the child’s age and ability, and which<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>contributes
to the child’s normal growth and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>development,
when introduced into children’s lives can<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>serve to
enable children to learn values, basic scientific<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>concepts,
skills and creative expression. Children gain<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>an
identity through work, and feel useful and productive<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>as work
adds meaning and brings with it membership<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>to society
and enables children to construct knowledge.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>Through
work one learns to find one’s place in<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>society.
It is an educational activity with an inherent<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>potential
for inclusion. Therefore, an experience of<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>involvement
in productive work in an educational setting<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>should
make one appreciate the worth of social life<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>and what
is valued and appreciated in society. Since<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>work
defines some achievable targets and creates a<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>web of
interdependence, it entails making efforts in a<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>disciplined
manner, thus creating possibilities for greater<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>self-control,
focusing mental energies and keeping<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>emotions
under check. The value of work, particularly<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>skills
that involve good finish, are undervalued as a<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>means of
achieving excellence and learning<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>self-discipline.
The discipline exercised by the material<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>(say, clay
or wood) is more effective and qualitatively<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>different
from the discipline exercised by one human<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>being over
another. Work involves interaction with<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>materials
or other people (mostly both), thus creating<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>a deeper
comprehension and increased practical<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>knowledge
of natural substances and social<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>relationships.
All this is in addition to the usual physical<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>skills
involved in learning a trade that may be turned<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>into a
means of earning a livelihood. The aspects of<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>work
mentioned here draw attention to the<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>meaning-making
and knowledge-construction<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>dimension
of work. This is the pedagogic function<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>that work
can play in the curriculum.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>Benefits
of this nature can be drawn from work<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>only if it
becomes an integral part of the school<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>curriculum.
Pursued in an academic setting, work carries<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>the
remarkable potential of generating new forms of<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>creativity
and understanding while opening up the<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>possibility
of transforming the nature of work itself.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>This has
become even more essential as in a majority<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>of
families in India contributing to household work<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>and family
trade is a way of living, but this pattern is<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>changing
due to the pressure of school on children’s<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>time and
the rampant competition in memorisation<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>of
information. Academic activity tends to be<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>imprisoned
within disciplinary boundaries. When<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>academic
learning and work are simultaneously<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>collocated,
there is a chance of greater creativity in<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>academic
pursuits as also in the methods and tools of<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>doing
work. A synergetic enhancement can take over.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>That is
how efficient hand pumps were designed.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>High-flying
polythene balloons used to burst while<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>going
through the extremely cold stratosphere untill a<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>scientifically
minded worker suggested that putting a<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>little
carbon powder in the fabric would help to keep<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>it warm by
absorbing sunlight. Indeed, all great<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>inventors
were tinkerers who knew a little science.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>Edison,
Ford and Faraday belonged to this category,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>so also
those who invented the first pair of spectacles<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>or the telescope.
There is little doubt that much of the<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>traditional
knowledge of our potters, craftsmen,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>weavers,
farmers and medical men has come through<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>such
pursuits – where these individuals were<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>simultaneously
engaged in physical work and academic<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>thinking. We
need to infuse such a culture of<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>innovation,
curiosity and practical experience in our<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>education
system.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>However,
schools at present are not geared for<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>work as a
part of the curriculum in terms of<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>infrastructure
or learning material. Work is necessarily<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>an
interdisciplinary activity. Therefore, integrating work<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>into the
school curriculum would require a substantial<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>amount of
pedagogical understanding of how it would<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>be
integrated with learning and the mechanisms for<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>assessment
and evaluation.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>Institutionalising
work in the school curriculum<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>will
require creative and bold thinking that breaks out<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>of its
stereotyped location in periods of <span style="color: red;">Socially Useful<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">and
Productive Work (SUPW)</span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">, something about which<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>all
children and teachers are justifiably sceptical. We need<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>to examine
how the rich work knowledge base and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>skills of
marginalised children can be turned into a<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>source of
their own dignity as well as a source of<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>learning
for other children. This is especially important<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>in the
context of the growing alienation of the<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>middle-upper-class
children from their cultural roots<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>and the
central role played by the education system in<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>aggravating
and accelerating this process. There is<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>immense
potential for utilising the knowledge base of<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>the vast
productive sections of society as a powerful<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>means for
transforming the education system. Work<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>seen as a
form of ‘valid’ knowledge allows one to<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>re-examine
the invisibility of the contributions of<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>women and
non-dominant groups to what is regarded<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>as
valuable in society. Productive work would need to<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>find a
place at the centre of the curriculum in order to<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>act as a
powerful corrective to the ‘bookish’,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>information-oriented
and generally unchallenging<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>character
of school education and, in turn, help relate<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>the latter
to the life needs of the child. Pedagogical<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>experience
in using work would become an effective<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>and
critical developmental tool at different stages of<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>childhood
and adolescence. Thus, ‘work-centred<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>education’
is different from vocational education.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>The school
curriculum from the pre-primary to<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>the senior
secondary stages should be reconstructed<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>for
realising the pedagogic potential of work as a<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>pedagogic
medium in knowledge acquisition,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>developing
values and multiple-skill formation. As the<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>child matures,
there is a need for the curriculum to<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>recognise
the child’s need to be prepared for the world<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>of work,
and a work-centred pedagogy can be<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>pursued
with increasing complexity while always being<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>enriched
with the required flexibility and contextuality.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>A set of
work-related generic competencies (basic,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>interpersonal
and systemic) could be pursued at all<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>stages of
education. This includes critical thinking,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>transfer
of learning, creativity, communication skills,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>aesthetics,
work motivation, work ethic of collaborative<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>functioning,
and entrepreneurship-cum-social<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>accountability.
For this evaluation, parameters would<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>also need
to be redesigned. Without an effective and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>universal
programme of work-centred education, it is<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>unlikely
that UEE (and later Universal Secondary<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>Education too) would ever
succeed.</b></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
soorajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12279121492182645186noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7054747121821842785.post-49674829434318266452013-06-27T07:36:00.001-07:002013-06-27T07:51:55.649-07:00ROLE OF CRITICAL PEDAGOGY IN EDUCATION<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Bold"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Bold";">Critical
Pedagogy<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9bRdjRkNMnvT7vfs8WLFZUx2O1XJ2rT7xPLTOgDTCO4tyUIR_xkBAS7104ONi3_xiLtfSt37Ma4uxjXq5TV50xflY1fu1i2oB2CdsGDySH5V17Vc7nNZWqIdvulv5L_4JB4r0KfDjqFo/s1600/CRITICAL.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9bRdjRkNMnvT7vfs8WLFZUx2O1XJ2rT7xPLTOgDTCO4tyUIR_xkBAS7104ONi3_xiLtfSt37Ma4uxjXq5TV50xflY1fu1i2oB2CdsGDySH5V17Vc7nNZWqIdvulv5L_4JB4r0KfDjqFo/s320/CRITICAL.jpg" width="320" /></a></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>Teacher
and student engagement is critical in the<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>classroom
because it has the power to define whose<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>knowledge
will become a part of school-related<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>knowledge
and whose voices will shape it. Students<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>are not
just young people for whom adults should<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>devise
solutions. They are critical observers of their<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>own
conditions and needs, and should be participants<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>in
discussions and problem solving related to their<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>education
and future opportunities. Hence children need<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>to be
aware that their experiences and perceptions are<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>important
and should be encouraged to develop the<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>mental
skills needed to think and reason independently<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>and have
the courage to dissent. What children learn<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>out of
school — their capacities, learning abilities, and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>knowledge
base — and bring to school is important<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>to further
enhance the learning process. This is all the<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>more
critical for children from underprivileged<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>backgrounds,
especially girls, as the worlds they inhabit<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>and their
realities are under represented in school<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>knowledge.</b></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>Participatory
learning and teaching, emotion and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>experience
need to have a definite and valued place in<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>the
classroom. While class participation is a powerful<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>strategy,
it loses its pedagogic edge when it is ritualised,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>or merely
becomes an instrument to enable teachers to<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>meet their
own ends. True participation starts from the<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>experiences
of both students and teachers.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>When
children and teachers share and reflect on<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>their
individual and collective experiences without fear<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>of
judgement, it gives them opportunities to learn<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>about
others who may not be a part of their own<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>social
reality. This enables them to understand and relate<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>to
differences instead of fearing them. If children’s<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>social
experiences are to be brought into the classroom,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>it is inevitable
that issues of conflict will need to be<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>addressed.
Conflict is an inescapable par t of children’s<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>lives.
They constantly encounter situations that call for<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>moral
assessment and action, whether in relation to<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>subjective
experiences of conflict involving the self,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>family and
society, or in dealing with exposure to violent<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>conflict
in the contemporary world. To use conflict as<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>a
pedagogic strategy is to enable children to deal with<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>conflict
and facilitate awareness of its nature and its<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>role in
their lives.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>Learning
to question received knowledge critically,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>whether it
is found in a ‘biased’ textbook, or other<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>literary
sources in their own environments, can be built<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>by
encouraging learners to comment, compare and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>think
about elements that exist in their own<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>environment.
Women and dalit activists have used songs<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>as a
powerful medium for discussion, comment and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>analysis.
Repositories of knowledge exist in different<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>mediums,
hence all these forms, whether television<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>programme,
advertisements, songs, paintings, etc., need<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>to be
brought into create a dynamic interaction among<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>learners
themselves.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>A pedagogy
that is sensitive to gender, class, caste<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>and global
inequalities is one that does not merely affirm<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>different
individual and collective experiences but also<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>locates
these within larger structures of power and raises<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>questions
such as, who is allowed to speak for whom?<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>Whose
knowledge is most valued? This requires<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>evolving
different strategies for different learners. For<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>example,
encouraging speaking up in class may be<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>important
for some children, while for others it may<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>be
learning to listen to others.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>The role
of teachers is to provide a safe space<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>for
children to express themselves, and simultaneously<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>to build
in certain forms of interactions. They need to<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>step out
of the role of ‘moral authority’ and learn to<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>listen
with empathy and without judgement, and to<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>enable
children to listen to each other. While<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>consolidating
and constructively stretching the limits<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>of the
learner's understanding, they need to be<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>conscious
of how differences are expressed. An<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>atmosphere
of trust would make the classroom a safe<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>space,
where children can share experiences, where<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>conflict
can be acknowledged and constructively<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>questioned,
and where resolutions, however tentative,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>can be
mutually worked out. In particular, for girls<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>and
children from under-privileged social groups,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>schools
and classrooms should be spaces for discussing<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>processes
of decision making, for questioning the basis<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>of their decisions, and for
making informed choices.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>Critical pedagogy provides an opportunity to reflect<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>critically on issues in terms of their political, social,<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>economic and moral aspects. It entails the acceptance of<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>multiple views on social issues and a commitment to<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>democratic forms of interaction. This is important in<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>view of the multiple contexts in which our schools<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>function. A critical framework helps children to see social<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>issues from different perspectives and understand how<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>such issues are connected to their lives. For instance,<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>understanding of democracy as a way of life can be<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>chartered through a path where children reflect on how<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>they regard others (e.g. friends, neighbours, the opposite<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>sex, elders, etc.), how they make choices (e.g. activities,<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>play, friends, career, etc.), and how they cultivate the<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>ability to make decisions. Likewise, issues related to<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>human rights, caste, religion and gender can be critically<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>reflected on by children in order to see how these issues<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>are connected to their everyday experiences, and also<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>how different forms of inequalities become compounded<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>and are perpetuated. Critical pedagogy facilitates<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>collective decision making through open discussion and<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>by encouraging and recognising multiple views.<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>Why should stereotypes persist?<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>A matter of serious concern is the persistence of<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>stereotypes regarding children from marginalised groups,<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";">including </span></i><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">SC </span><i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";">and </span></i><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">ST</span><i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";">, who traditionally have not had<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>access to schooling or learning. Some learners have<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>been historically viewed as uneducable, less educable,<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>slow to learn, and even scared of learning. There is a<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>similar stereotype regarding girls, which encourages the<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>belief that they are not interested in playing games, or<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>in mathematics and science. Yet another set of stereotypes<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>is applied to children with disabilities, per petuating<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>the notion that they cannot be taught along with other<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>children. These perceptions are grounded in the notion<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>that inferiority and inequality are inherent in gender,<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>caste and physical and intellectual disability. There<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>are a few success stories, but much larger are the<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>numbers of learners who fail and thus internalise a<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>sense of inadequacy. Realising the constitutional values<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>of equality is possible only if we prepare teachers to<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>treat all children equally. We need to train teachers to<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>help them cultivate an understanding of the cultural<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>and socio-economic diversity that children bring with<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>them to school.<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>Many of our schools now have large numbers of
firstgeneration<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>school goers. Pedagogy must be reoriented<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>when the child’s home provides any direct suppor t to<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>formal schooling. First-generation school goers, for<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>example, would be completely dependent on the school<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>for inculcating reading and writing skills and fostering<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>a taste for reading , and for familiarising them with<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>the language and culture of the school, especially when<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>the home language is different from the language of<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>school. Indeed they need all the assistance they can get.<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>Many such children are also vulnerable to conditions<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>prevailing at home, which might make them prone to<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>lack of punctuality, ir regularity and inattentiveness in<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>the classroom. Mobilising intersectoral support for freeing<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>children from such constraints, and for designing a<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>curriculum sensitive to these circumstances, therefore is<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";"><b>essential.<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
soorajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12279121492182645186noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7054747121821842785.post-3037022766446697602013-06-25T20:05:00.003-07:002013-06-27T07:52:31.132-07:00ROLE AND NEED OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF PLANNING IN EDUCATION<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Bold"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Bold";">Approaches
to Planning<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigc5uWgvjN3k9c2HzGZj6_l2x9iqPA-vRMm2zjf0lhPxp8dNbM8B7wHit8nW1e0GlNGu8wi5uivhOIk49326WFVP33_TIBiyJA31TR3wasanP1MBwm04ivGL_ts115cYSyIzXlIWBVZAI/s1600/PLAN.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigc5uWgvjN3k9c2HzGZj6_l2x9iqPA-vRMm2zjf0lhPxp8dNbM8B7wHit8nW1e0GlNGu8wi5uivhOIk49326WFVP33_TIBiyJA31TR3wasanP1MBwm04ivGL_ts115cYSyIzXlIWBVZAI/s1600/PLAN.jpg" /></a></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>Our
educational practice is still based on limited ‘lesson<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>plans’
aimed at achieving measurable ‘behaviours’;<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>according
to this view, the child is akin to a creature<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>that can
be trained, or a computer that can be<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>programmed.
Hence, there is too much focus on<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>‘outcomes’,
and presenting knowledge divided into bits<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>of
information to be memorised directly from the text<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>or through
activities after ‘motivating’ children, and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>finally on
evaluating to see if children remember what<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>they have
learnt. Instead, we need to view the child as<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>‘constructing
knowledge’ all the time. This is true not<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>only of
‘cognitive subjects’ such as mathematics and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>science,
language and social science, but equally of<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>values,
skills and attitudes.</b></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>This
perspective on the learner may sound ‘obvious’,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>but, in
fact, many teachers, evaluators, and textbook writers<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>still lack
the conviction that this can become a reality.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>• The term
‘activity’ is now a part of the registerof<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>most
elementary schoolteachers, but in many<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>cases this
has just been grafted onto the<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>‘Herbartian’
lesson plan, still driven by ‘outcomes’<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>at the end
of each lesson. There is now more<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>talk of
competencies, but these competencies are<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>still
pegged onto lessons much in the manner of<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>‘outcomes’.
Instead, teachers need to develop the<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>ability to
plan ‘units’ of four or five sessions for<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>each
topic. The development of understanding<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>and of
competencies is also possible only through<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>repeated
opportunities to use the competencies<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>in
different situation, and in a variety of ways.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>While the
development of knowledge,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>understanding
and skills can be assessed both at<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>the end of
a unit, and revisited at a later date, the<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>assessment
cycle for competencies needs to be<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>longer.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>•
Activities could enable teachers to give<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>individualised
attention to children, and to make<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>alterations
in a task depending on their<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>requirements
and variations in the level of<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>interest.
In fact, teachers could also consider<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>involving
children and older learners in planning<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>the class
work, such variety would bring<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>tremendous
richness to the classroom processes.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>It would
also allow teachers to respond to the<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>special
needs of some children without making<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>it seem as
if it is an obvious exception. There is<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>still not
enough engagement on the part of the<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>teacher
with the learning ofeach child; children<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>are
treated en masse, and only those who are<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>regarded
as ‘stars’ or ‘problematic’ are noticed.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>All
children would benefit from such attention.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>• A lesson
plan or unit plan for an inclusive class<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>should
indicate how the teacher alters the ongoing<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>activity
to meet the different needs of children.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>Failure to
learn is currently being mechanically<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>addressed
through ‘remediation’, which usually<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>means
simply repeating lessons. Many teachers<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>are also
looking for ‘cures’ to set right the<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>problems
that some children may experience.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>They still
f ind it difficult to individualise learning<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>for
children by building upon the strengths that<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>children
may have.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>• Teachers
need to understand how to plan lessons<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>so that
children are challenged to think and to try<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>out what
they are learning, and not simply repeat<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>what is
told to them. A new problem is that in<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>the name
of ‘activities’ and ‘play way’ methods, a<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>lot of
learning is being diluted by giving children<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>things to
do that are far below their capability.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>One
concern is that a focus on activities would<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>become too
time consuming and make greater<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>demands on
teachers, time. Certainly, doing<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>activities
requires that time be spent in planning<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>and
preparing for activities. Initially, teachers<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>need to
make an effort to establish the classroom<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>culture
for activities and to establish the rules that<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>will
govern the space and use of materials.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>• Planning
with the support of appropriate material<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>resources
for individualised, small group and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>whole
group work is the key to effective<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>management
of instruction in a multigrade,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>multia
bility or vertically grouped classroom.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>Instead of
finding ways of juggling lesson plans<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>based on
mono-grade textbooks, teachers would<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>need to
devise, in advance, thematic topic plans<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>in order
to engage learners with exer cises created<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>for their
level.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>• The
practices of teachers in classrooms, the mate<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>rials they
use, and the evaluation techniques<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>employed
must be inter nally consistent with each<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>other.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
soorajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12279121492182645186noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7054747121821842785.post-77837914386735619342013-06-25T05:38:00.002-07:002013-06-27T07:53:41.655-07:00CONSTRUCTIVIST MODEL OF EDUCATION<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Bold"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Bold";">Teaching
for Construction of Knowledge<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>In the
constructivist perspective, learning is a process<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>of the
construction of knowledge. Learners actively<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>construct
their own knowledge by connecting new ideas<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>to
existing ideas on the basis of materials/activities<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>presented
to them (experience). For example, using a<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>text or a
set of pictures/visuals on a transport system<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>coupled
with discussions will allow young learners to<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>be
facilitated to construct the idea of a transport system.</b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheCVF6co-Dh6Vakd1tyW0cTcsPKA9UW61XbMgHCyoEWoBV5n9gueEXXvqxCJ12qKhOmNYvyrl-Jm4Ryj22Dt-1Gtqv57OtzCwn_9waCYpiZJ_HysDOO1SyOyT27QrUOEwVbkyFiISZyl4/s1600/LEARN.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheCVF6co-Dh6Vakd1tyW0cTcsPKA9UW61XbMgHCyoEWoBV5n9gueEXXvqxCJ12qKhOmNYvyrl-Jm4Ryj22Dt-1Gtqv57OtzCwn_9waCYpiZJ_HysDOO1SyOyT27QrUOEwVbkyFiISZyl4/s1600/LEARN.jpg" /></a></b></div>
<b><o:p></o:p></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>Initial
construction (mental representation) may be<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>based on
the idea of the road transport system, and a<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>child from
a remote rural setting may form the idea<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>centred
around the bullock cart. Learners construct<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>mental
representations (images) of external reality<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>(transport
system) through a given set of acti vities<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>(experiences).
The structuring and restructuring of<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>ideas are
essential features as the learners progress in<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>learning.
For instance, the initial idea of a transport<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>system
built around road transport will be reconstructed<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>to
accommodate other types of transport<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>systems—sea
and air—using appropriate activities.</b></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b> The<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>engagement
of learners, through relevant activities, can<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>further
facilitate in the construction of mental images<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>of the
relationships (cause-effect) between a transport<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>system and
human life/economy. However, there is a<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>social
aspect in the construction process in the sense<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>that
knowledge needed for a complex task can reside<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>in a group
situation. In this context, collaborative<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>learning
provides room for negotiation of meaning,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>sharing of
multiple views and changing the internal<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>representation
of the external reality. Construction<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>indicates
that each learner individually and socially<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>constructs
meaning as he/she learns. Constructing<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>meaning is
learning. The constructivist perspective<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>provides
strategies for promoting learning by all.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>The
teacher's own role in children’s cognition<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>could be
enhanced if they assume a more active role in<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>relation
to the process of knowledge construction in<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>which
children are engaged. A child constructs her/his<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>knowledge
while engaged in the process of learning.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>Allowing
children to ask questions that require them to<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>relate
what they are learning in school to things<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>happening
outside, encouraging children to answer in<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>their own
words and from their own experiences,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>rather
than simply memorising and getting answers right<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>in just
one way — all these are small but important<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>steps in
helping children develop their understanding.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>‘Intelligent
guessing’ must be encouraged as a valid<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>pedagogic
tool. Quite often, children have an idea<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>arising
from their everyday experiences, or because of<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>their
exposure to the media, but they are not quite ready<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>to
articulate it in ways that a teacher might appreciate.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>It is in
this ‘zone’ between what you know and what<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>you almost
know that new knowledge is constructed.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>Such
knowledge often takes the form of skills, which<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>are
cultivated outside the school, at home or in the<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>community.
All such forms of knowledge and skills<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>must be
respected. A sensitive and informed teacher is<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>aware of
this and is able to engage children through<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>well-chosen
tasks and questions, so that they are able<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>to realise
their developmental potential.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>Active
engagement involves enquiry, exploration,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>questioning,
debates, application and reflection, leading<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>to theory
building and the creation of ideas/positions.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>Schools
must provide opportunities to question,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>enquire,
debate, reflect, and arrive at concepts or create<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>new ideas.
An element of challenge is critical for the<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>process of
active engagement and learning various<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>concepts,
skills and positions through the process. What<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>is
challenging for a particular age group becomes easy<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>and
uninteresting for the other age group, and may be<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>remote and
uninteresting at another stage.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>So often,
in the name of ‘objectivity’, teachers<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>sacrifice
f lexibility and creativity. Very often teachers, in<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>government
as well as private schools, insist that all<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>children
must give identical answers to questions. The<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>argument
given for not accepting other answers is that,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>“They
cannot give answers that are not there in the<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>textbook.”
“We discussed it in the staffroom and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>decided
that we will only accept this answer as right!”,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>or that
“There will be too many types of answers.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>Then
should we accept them all?” Such arguments<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>make a
travesty of the meaning of learning and only<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>serve to
convince children and parents that schools are<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>irrationall
y rigid. We must ask ourselves why we only<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">ask
children to </span><i><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Italic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Italic";">give </span></i><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">answers to questions. Even the<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>ability to
make a set of questions for given answers is<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><b>a valid test of learning.</b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz-I07bgfPyqUI2IHVll9V26TdzCiGjmPjPoulBjAk7G2OJ1p4kKwJz02kCJMW6y2d8_c4Y2s_5pOTjZJ9VhoipkXSzzfHstgI8zJ7Vv-btHKGAWLnvMe5mHSNF6a8I5PJBAwoSsK5tik/s1600/CONSTRUCTIVIST.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz-I07bgfPyqUI2IHVll9V26TdzCiGjmPjPoulBjAk7G2OJ1p4kKwJz02kCJMW6y2d8_c4Y2s_5pOTjZJ9VhoipkXSzzfHstgI8zJ7Vv-btHKGAWLnvMe5mHSNF6a8I5PJBAwoSsK5tik/s640/CONSTRUCTIVIST.jpg" width="561" /></b></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
soorajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12279121492182645186noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7054747121821842785.post-59949406513128818522013-06-25T05:23:00.000-07:002013-06-27T07:53:13.109-07:00AIMS OF EDUCATION<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Garamond,Bold';">A</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Garamond,Bold';">IMS
OF </span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Garamond,Bold';">E</span></b></span><b><span style="font-family: 'Garamond,Bold';"><span style="font-size: large;">DUCATION</span><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>The aims
of education serve as broad guidelines to<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>align
educational processes to chosen ideals and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>accepted
principles. The aims of education<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>simultaneously
reflect the current needs and aspirations<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>of a
society as well as its lasting values, and the<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRdeKiuR_QoXb0BbCDchReHdRaRRu2Bqcmb_6H1WrXtFQWUc4ZAKPiozHcqEwgkOP28ICtmyA-b11nJaclzj9n62zcMaWfcCRrqWKm-agkxzPizFNFjC8KLaI6V7yG0p2B79yRkGyIL8c/s1600/aim.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRdeKiuR_QoXb0BbCDchReHdRaRRu2Bqcmb_6H1WrXtFQWUc4ZAKPiozHcqEwgkOP28ICtmyA-b11nJaclzj9n62zcMaWfcCRrqWKm-agkxzPizFNFjC8KLaI6V7yG0p2B79yRkGyIL8c/s320/aim.jpg" width="228" /></b></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>immediate
concerns of a community as well as broadhuman ideals. At any given time and
place they can be<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>called the
contemporary and contextual articulations<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>of broad
and lasting human aspirations and values.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>Educational
aims turn the different activities<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>undertaken
in schools and other educational institutions<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>into a
creative pattern and give them the distinctive<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>character
of being ‘educational’. An educational aim<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>helps the
teacher connect her present classroom activity<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>to a
cherished future outcome without making it<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>instrumental,
and therefore give it direction without<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>divorcing
it from current concerns. Thus, an aim is a<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>foreseen
end: it is not an idle view of a mere spectator;<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>rather, it
influences the steps taken to reach the end. An<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>aim must
provide foresight. It can do this in three ways:<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>First, it
involves careful observation of the given<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>conditions
to see what means are available for reaching<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>the end,
and to discover the hindrances in the way.</b></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>This may
require a careful study of children, and an<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>understanding
of what they are capable of learning at<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>different
ages. Second, this foresight suggests the proper<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>order or
sequence that would be effective. Third, it<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>makes the
choice of alternatives possible. Therefore,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>acting
with an aim allows us to act intelligently. The<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>school,
the classroom, and related learning sites are<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>spaces
where the core of educational activity takes<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>place.
These must become spaces where learners have<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>experiences
that help them achieve the desired curricular<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>objectives.
An understanding of learners, educational<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>aims, the
nature of knowledge, and the nature of the<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>school as
a social space can help us arrive at principles<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>to guide
classroom practices.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>The
guiding principles discussed earlier provide<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>the
landscape of social values within which we locate<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>our
educational aims. The first is a commitment to<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>democracy
and the values of equality, justice, freedom,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>concern
for others’ well-being, secularism, respect for<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>human
dignity and rights. Education should aim to build<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>a
commitment to these values, which are based on<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>reason and
understanding. The curriculum, therefore,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>should
provide adequate experience and space for<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>dialogue
and discourse in the school to build such a<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>commitment
in children.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>Independence
of thought and action points to a<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>capacity
of carefully considered, value-based decision<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>making,
both independently and collectively.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>A
sensitivity to others’ well-being and feelings,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>together
with knowledge and understanding of the<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>world,
should form the basis of a rational commitment<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>to values.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>Learning
to learn and the willingness to unlearn<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>and
relearn are important as means of responding to<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>new
situations in a f lexible and creative manner. The<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>curriculum
needs to emphasise the processes of<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>constructing
knowledge.</b></span></div>
<b><o:p></o:p></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>Choices in
life and the ability to participate in<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>democratic
processes depend on the ability to<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>contribute
to society in various ways. This is why<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>education
must develop the ability to work and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">participate
in economic processes and social change</span><span style="font-family: "Garamond\,Bold"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Garamond\,Bold";">.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>This necessitates
the integration of work with education.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>We must
ensure that work-related experiences are<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>sufficient
and broadbased in terms of skills and<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>attitudes,that
they foster an understanding of<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>socio-economic
processes, and help inculcate a mental<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>frame that
encourages working with others in a spirit<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>of
cooperation. Work alone can create a social temper.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>Appreciation
of beauty and art forms is an<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>integral
part of human life. Creativity in arts, literature<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>and other
domains of knowledge is closely linked.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>Education
must provide the means and opportunities<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>to enhance
the child’s creative expression and the<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>capacity
for aesthetic appreciation. Education for<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>aesthetic
appreciation and creativity is even more<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>important
today when aesthetic gullibility allows for<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>opinion
and taste to be manufactured and manipulated<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>by market
forces. The effort should be to enable the<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>learner to
appreciate beauty in its several forms.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>However,
we must ensure that we do not promote<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>stereotypes
of beauty and forms of entertainment, that<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>might
constitute an affront to women and persons with<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;"><b>disabilities.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
soorajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12279121492182645186noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7054747121821842785.post-40093818122670734462013-06-01T22:32:00.000-07:002013-07-03T22:36:49.055-07:00FORMAL EDUCATION AND ALTERNATIVES OF FORMAL EDUCATION<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">INTRODUCTION</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The word education is derived from the Latin word Educatum which means the act of teaching or training. There is another word in Latin that is Educare which means to bring up or to raise. The word Educare means to lead forth or to come out. All these meanings indicate that education seeks to nourish the good qualities in man and draw out the best in man.Education helps to develop the inner capacities of man.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv3DTlU6rSt5hyphenhyphenilN7OtXhg5N71UXGGgFCN7mzQxTfSFymQ-6_gQgWbexejhi0KWY_eYZiQzUBM8Btr7UAN6e3dpWQozBNFylmvw_GYC3DeQyY1lDO8jCRrwRxrDkCD_FguJ8iM5v64IY/s500/Why-entrepreneurs-need-a-formal-education.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv3DTlU6rSt5hyphenhyphenilN7OtXhg5N71UXGGgFCN7mzQxTfSFymQ-6_gQgWbexejhi0KWY_eYZiQzUBM8Btr7UAN6e3dpWQozBNFylmvw_GYC3DeQyY1lDO8jCRrwRxrDkCD_FguJ8iM5v64IY/s320/Why-entrepreneurs-need-a-formal-education.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> By educating an individual we attempt to give him some desirable knowledge, understanding, skills, interests, attitude and critical thinking. That is he acquires knowledge of history, geography, arithmetic, languages and other sciences. By education people develops some understandings about the deeper things in life, complex human relations and cause and effect of relationships etc. The person gets some skillsinwriting, speaking, calculating, drawing, operating some equipments etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Education is necessary for the survival of the society. It is a purposeful activity. The aims of education will vary from time to time and from people to people. Educational aims can be immediate and ultimate. Immediate aims are those which fulfill the immediate needs. The ultimate aim of education is the perfect happiness.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Education has been classified into three types,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. Formal education<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2. Informal education<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3. Non-formal education </span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">FORMAL EDUCATION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Formal education refers to the hierarchically structured and chronologically graded system of education. It is consciously and deliberately planned system of education to bring about specific behavioral changes in the educand. It is preplanned by the society with definite aims and is imparted in schools, colleges and universities, which are established for systematic education.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">FEATURES OF FORMAL EDUCATION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Planned education keeping in keeping in view some definite plan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Education imparted through well planned means.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Education starting and ending at particular age.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">A teaching learning process with which the teacher and learner are acquainted.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Education organised by some agency.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">AGENCIES OF FORMAL EDUCATION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Formal agencies are those institutions and organizations which are systematically organized. In these institutions the process of education is deliberately planned. There is a definite curriculum. The whole process is manipulated with a definite objective for the fulfillment of the needs of the society. The schools, colleges, universities etc are the important agencies of formal education.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">SCHOOLS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The term school denotes a particular place, where education is imparted in a definite way. The school goes a long way in reforming the individual and society. So the school is considered not merely a creature of the society, but it is the creator of the society. In modern age the role of school is very important. The main functions of schools are;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a) School is the savior of culture traditions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> b) School helps to achieve the ideal of the nation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c) School can give a glimpse of practical democracy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">d) School provides an opportunity for the development of individual powers and abilities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">e) School takes the responsibility of social reconstruction.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">f) School tries to make us ideal citizens.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> 2. COLLEGES<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">College is an educational institution or a constituent part of one. A college may be a degree awarding tertiary educational institutions, a part of collegiate university, or an institution offering vocational education. In India the term college is commonly reserved for institutions that offer degrees at year 12 and those that offer the bachelors degree. The colleges offer programmes under that university. Examinations are conducted by the university at the same time for all colleges under its affiliation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3. UNIVERSITY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> A university is an institution of higher education and research which grants academic degrees in a variety of subjects and provides both undergraduate education and post graduate education. Universities are generally composed of several colleges.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">FUNCTIONS OF FORMAL EDUCATION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. Character formation of children<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2. Development of values in children<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3. Helps the children in development and transmission of knowledge<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4. Helps in skill and emotional development<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">5. Children get the capacity to adjust<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">6. Formal education helps in cultural development<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">7. It gives spiritual as well as moral development<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">NON-FORMAL EDUCATION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">A large proportion of India’s population is poor and live in pathetic conditions. Education, in any form needs improve their quality of life and help them participate productively in the national development. A large proportion of children dropout from the formal system .The non formal educational system has been introduced to bring the un-enrolled and dropout children of age group 9-14 into the fold of primary education. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> For Coombs non-formal education means, any organized systematic, educational activity outside the framework of the formal system to provide selective types of learning to particular sub-groups in the population, adults as well as children”. In other words it is an alternative to the formal education.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Unlike the formal education, non-formal education has no predetermined time table or the pace of academic progress. The non-formal education is basically non-competitive and open ended. It has limited purposes and goals..<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> FEATURES OF NON-FORMAL EDUCATION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Flexibility in regard to admission requirements,duration,timing etc<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Flexibility in various aspects of education.ie.,admission,place,curriculum,age,co-curricular activities,modes of teaching,evaluation etc<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Diversification of curriculum and instructional methods;in the type of course to be offered and their supplimetation by vocational education.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Decentralization in management structure and financial powers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Covering life span of an individual.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Guided by motivation of the individual for self growth,self renewal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">MAJOR NON-FORMAL SCHEMES<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.OPEN SYSTEM<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">A.DISTANCE EDUCATION <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Distance education can be defined as the system of education in which education is imparted to students from a distance. It contains two physical elements (a) physical separation of the teacher and the student (b)changed role of the teacher. Distance education methods can be successfully used for relating to groups who, for geographical, economic or social reasons are unable or unwilling to make use of traditional or conventional provision of education. Distance education can never be formal as it is a nontraditional innovative method of education, employing a multimedia approach including human contact. In fact the distance mode allows the educational system to be open and the educational openness of the systems suits the promotion of distance education.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">BENEFITS OF DISTANCE MODE OF EDUCATION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">It increases access to higher education, especially for women, working population, the deprived groups and those living in remote areas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">It provides a second chance to those who could not make it when young.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">It offers course with ample options of subjects and electives.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">It helps in phasing out the study as per changes in official, family or personal situations in one’s life.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">It provides tenability of accumulating credits by successfully completing one or more subjects of a course.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The process of recruiting individuals in Distance Education situation is different from that of other educational institutions, as the individuals joining have an extremely blurred idea of their profile. Most Distance Education seeks quality education, but is unable to meet their expectations when compared to direct teaching knowledge acquisition should be a transparent process.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">B. CORRESPONDENCE COURSE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> It was in the third five year plan (GOI 1961-1966) that the planning commission took serious note of such a need and referred to the need for correspondence education. The commission was stressed that if deterioration in quality was to be avoided, an increase in the number of students should be accompanied by a corresponding expansion of physical and other leading facilities. It was in this context that proposals for evening colleges, correspondence courses and award of external degrees were considered.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> The Kothari commission recommended the institutions of correspondence course in view of the greater flexibility, economic viability and the innovative method of imparting education through well prepared, pre-tested and constantly revised course materials. In ordrer to maintain the educational standards, It also felt that some training and continuing guidance should be provided to prepare self instructional study materials. There should be personal contact between the teacher and the student for about three weeks in a year.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Improvement of qualifications and the desire to continue with higher education were identified as major motivating factors for joining the correspondence course. Non-availability of time, mental maturity, and non-existence of colleges in the locality, heavy, age, employment, paucity of time, poor financial conditions and poor performance in the last qualifying exams were found to be some other additional reasons.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Some of the limitations which contributed to the ineffectiveness of correspondence education in India are:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> a) Most of the correspondence institutions do not have competent and adequate staff. As a result they have low motivation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> b) Lessons are prepared with a hurry with no regard to quality<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> c) Not much attention is paid to the assignments; they are not evaluated, corrected and returned to the students in time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> D) Most of the correspondence courses do not have study centers and personal contact programmes are organized by only a few institutions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">e) Too much reliance is placed on the printed material and latest communication technology is hardly used.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">f) There is considerable delay in the dispatch of lessons to the students.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">C. OPEN UNIVERSITY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> In view of the deficiencies of correspondence education, the open education system was introduced in the country. In fact it may be said that the introduction of the Open University system is a direct outcome of the conventional system and of the correspondence course institutions to deliver the goods. Another important concern was the improvement of the quality of higher education. The first Open University established on 26 August 1982 and now it is known as Dr.Ambedkar Open University. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">THE MAIN OBJECTIVES OF OPEN UNIVERSITY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. To reverse the tide of admission in formal institutions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2. To offer education to people in their own homes and at their own jobs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3. To enable the students to earn while they learn.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4. To provide counseling and guidance to people.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">5. To take education to the remotest villages, through radio, television and correspondence courses.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">FEATURES OF OPEN UNIVERSITY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Relaxed entry requirements<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Flexibility in course combination<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Use of multimedia communication teconology for furthering learning objective<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Provision of support services to medicate the learning process<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Individualised study; flexibility of pace, place of study etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Open universities have made a beginning in democratizing higher educational opportunities for large segment of population and also for those who have been denied education through conventional education system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2. LITERACY PROGRAMMES<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Literacy is the conventional sense of being able to read and write. In essence, literacy is the facility of using in all its forms like reading, writing and oral communication, besides some basics of arithmetic. The lowest limit of literacy is the ability to read and write one’s own name and a few other words.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">MASS LITERACY PROGRAMME<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mass literacy programme is an intentionally initiated movement by the government of India to make literate, the masses of Indian population. It was an attempt to make 80 million people literate between the age group of 15-35 by the year 1995.The main target areas and groups were rural people, women, SCs, STs and who left out of the formal systems.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">NATIONAL LITERACY MISSION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">National Literacy Mission was set up by the government of India on 5 May 1988 with an aim to eradicate illiteracy in the country by imparting functional literacy to non-literates. Thus, National Literacy Mission was established not only to make everybody just reliant in the 3R’s-reading,writing,arithmetic-but also to make them aware of the development issues affecting the society. The target group of National Literacy Mission is people between the age of 15 and 35.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The National Literacy Mission initiated its first successful literacy campaign in Kottayam city followed by Ernakulam district.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">TOTAL LITERACY CAMPAIGN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Total Literacy Campaign is now accepted as the dominant strategy for eradication of adult illiteracy in India. These campaigns are area-specific, time bound, volunteer-based, cost-effective and outcome-oriented. The thrust is on the attainment of functional literacy through the prescribed norms of literacy and numeracy. The learner is the focal point in the entire process. Through Total Literacy Campaign is meant to impart functional literacy .It also disseminates a basket of other socially relevant messages such as enrolment and retention of children in schools, immunisation, propagation of small family norms, women’s equality and empowerment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ADULT EDUCATION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> For very large number of adults in the world today,adult education is a substitute for the basic education they missed.For the many individuals they received only a very incomplete education,it is the complement to elementary or professional education.It offers further education to those who have already received high level training and it is a means for the individual development for everybody.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">NEEDS AND IMPORTANCE OF ADULT EDUCATION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">To widen the intellectual horizon of the illiterate adult,who are partially illiterate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">It gives new hopes to illiterate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">It can help the adult in co-operative living.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Continuing education<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The adult education programme can help for the progress of compulsory primary education.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">SOME PROBLEMS OF ADULT EDUCATION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Defective policy of adult education<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Want of proper planning<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Problem of curriculum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Problem of method of teaching<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Problem of administration<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3. EXTENSION EDUCATION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Extension education is an out-of-school process which aims at helping people to help themselves in solving their problems. The gramasevak teaches people how to solve their problems. Gramasevak is a teacher of people. Extension education helps people to help them in solving their present and future economic, social and cultural problems. It helps both adult and youth. The ultimate aim of the help through extension education is a greater satisfaction in life.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Agricultural extension is a general term meaning the application of scientific research and new knowledge to agricultural practices through farmer education.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> <b>2. INDUSTRY EXTENSION<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> It is extending the knowledge on managing and running industries.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3. VETERINARY AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY EXTENSION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> It is extending knowledge about breeding, managing, feeding and care of animals and birds.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4. HOME SCIENCE EXTENSION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Special programmes normally given to girls related to home management, home arrangement including interior decoration.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">5. SOCIAL EDUCATION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Social education is the education of society or community<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">FUNCTIONS OF NON-FORMAL EDUCATION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. Eradicate illiteracy and poverty<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2. Development of technical skills<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3. Chear the educational needs of the drop-outs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4. Development of social responsibility<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">5. Empowerment of women<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">6. Social uplift<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">7. Economic development<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">8. Universal education<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">9. Upliftment of marginalized and special care to weaker groups<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">10. Development of vocational competencies<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> <b> CONCLUSION</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Formal education is a systematic, pre-planned and chronologically graded system and is offered through schools, colleges, universities; independent research organizations or any other definite institutions. Non-formal education mainly aims the out-of-school children, unemployed youth and illiterates. There are many schemes for non-formal education. Non-formal educational system is helpful for those who cannot make use of the conservative system of formal education. Non-formal education has a major role in moulding the society.</span></div>
</div>
soorajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12279121492182645186noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7054747121821842785.post-47936614847863268522013-02-20T00:03:00.000-08:002019-11-27T04:49:17.518-08:00ROLE OF NAAC IN PROMOTING QUALITY ON HIGHER EDUCATION<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:RelyOnVML/>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">INTRODUCTION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The core mission of higher
education is to educate, train, undertake, research and provide service to the
community. The Higher Education in India is the Second largest system in the
world. It has witnessed many fold increase in its institutional capacity since
independence- from 1950 to 2012, the number of universities from 20 to about
431, colleges from 500 to 20,677 and teachers from 15, to 5.05 Lakhs with
student enrollment from 1.00 lakh to over 116.12 Lakhs. Then to protect the
quality of the higher education institutions, </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">the
National Policy Mission propose the Accreditation unit.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Based on this, University Grants Commission
(UGC), under section 12 CCC of the UGC Act (Act 3 of 1956), established the
National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) as an Autonomous
Institution on 16 September 1994 with Registered Office at Bangalore.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga1EQ1P1RqLigu3SsSpvMM5AylVqqNu-8nEeA8wLJRjedsW7qJYXvFOrzdDQon8shtf3EwLP2OYfZwRHU7M1tGvFFIlfBu6Di2S6Tek1xnBz6SlN6W-0_G5gKpB8xjoqLbRsZpOghj5Xw/s1600/NAAC.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga1EQ1P1RqLigu3SsSpvMM5AylVqqNu-8nEeA8wLJRjedsW7qJYXvFOrzdDQon8shtf3EwLP2OYfZwRHU7M1tGvFFIlfBu6Di2S6Tek1xnBz6SlN6W-0_G5gKpB8xjoqLbRsZpOghj5Xw/s1600/NAAC.jpg" /></a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: large; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b><a href="https://www.youtube.com/eduzoneforyou?sub_confirmation=1" target="_blank">please consider subscribing our video channel</a></b></span> </span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
National Assessment and Accreditation Council is in its 18<sup>th</sup> year of
operation now. Seventeen years may not mean a long time in the annals of Indian
higher education, which may data back to the ancient period of ‘Nalanda’ and
‘Takshashila’, but it can certainly be a sufficiently long period for a
National Quality Assurance Agency to take stock of its policies and practices.
The decade-old history of NAAC is a story of many triumphs and tribulations.
Addressing the quality concerns of world’s second largest higher education
system has meant, adding several dimensions to the experiences of quality
assurance initiatives of NAAC. Quality assurance models, as with higher
education systems themselves, are designed to fulfill long- term collective
needs. The quality assurance agencies are obliged to face enduring questions
such as defining and maintaining standards of quality and equally important
need to keep their methodologies up- to –date and responsive to shifting
societal needs. The important actions and methodologies of NAAC are explained
here.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">QUALITY <span style="text-transform: uppercase;">movement in Indian</span> HIGHER EDUCATION</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
British Standard Institution (BSI) defines quality as “the totality of features
and characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy
stated or implied needs” (BSI, 1991). As teachers, principals, heads of
departments and planners and policy makers in education, you may be having this
question in your mind – why worry about quality? This is because of the
following reasons:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> COMPETITION</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">:<i> -</i></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> We are
entering a new regime, where competition among educational institutions for
students and funds will be highly significant. In order to survive in such a
situation, educational institutions need to worry about their quality.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">CUSTOMER SATISFACTION</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">:
- Students, parents or sponsoring agencies as customers of the educational
institutions are now highly conscious of their rights or getting value for
their money and time spent. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">MAINTAINING STANDARDS</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">:
- As educational institutions, we are always concerned about setting our own
standard and maintaining it continuously year after year. In order to maintain
the standard, we should consciously make efforts to improve quality of the
educational transactions as well as the educational provisions and facilities.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. </i></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ACCOUNTABILITY</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: Every institution is
accountable to its stakeholders in terms of the funds (public or private) used
on it. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">IMPROVE<i> </i>EMPLOYEE<i> </i>MORALE<i> </i>AND<i>
</i>MOTIVATION</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: Your concern for quality as an
institution will improve the morale and motivation of the staff in performing
their duties and responsibilities</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">6. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">CREDIBILITY<i>, </i>PRESTIGE<i> </i>AND<i> </i>STATUS</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">:
If you are concerned about quality, continuously and not once in a while, it
will bring in credibility to individuals and your institution because of
consistency leading to prestige, status and brand value.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">7. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">IMAGE AND VISIBILITY</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">:
Quality institutions have the capacity to attract better stakeholder support,
like getting merited students from far and near, increased donations/ grants
from philanthropists/ funding agencies and higher employer interest for easy
placement of graduates.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
important quality movements in India are explained below:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
University Grants Commission (UGC) with its statutory powers is expected to
maintain quality in Indian higher education institutions. Section 12 of the UGC
Act of 1956 requires UGC to be responsible for “the determination and
maintenance of standards of teaching, examinations and research in
universities”. To fulfill this mandate, the UGC has been continuously developing
mechanisms to monitor quality in colleges and universities directly or
indirectly. In order to improve quality, it has established national research
facilities, and Academic Staff Colleges to re-orient teachers and provide
refresher courses in subject areas. The UGC also conducts the National
Eligibility Test (NET) for setting high standards of teaching. Various
committees and commissions on education over the years have emphasized directly
or indirectly the need for improvement and recognition of quality in Indian
higher education system. The concept of autonomous colleges as recommended by
Kothari Commission (1964-66) has its roots in the concept of quality
improvement. Since the adoption of the National Policy on Education (1968),
there has been a tremendous expansion of educational opportunities at all
levels, particularly in higher education. With the expansion of educational
institutions, came the concern for quality. The constitutional amendment in
1976 brought education to the concurrent list making the central government
more responsible for quality improvement. The New Education Policy (1986)
emphasized on the recognition and reward of excellence in performance of
institutions and checking of sub-standard institutions. Consequently, the
Programme of Action (PoA) in 1986 stated, “As a part of its responsibility for
the maintenance and promotion of standards of education, the UGC will, to begin
with, take the initiative to establish an Accreditation and Assessment Council
as an autonomous body”. After eight years of continuous and serious
deliberations, the UGC established NAAC at Bangalore as a registered autonomous
body on 16th September 1994 under the Societies Registration Act of 1860.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>HISTORY OF NAAC</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
milestones in the emergence of NAAC can be identified as follows:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1986:
UGC constituted a 15-member committee on Accreditation and Assessment Council
under the chairmanship of Dr. Vasant Gowarikar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1987-1990:
Nine regional seminars and a national seminar organized to debate Gowarikar
Committee report.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1990:
Dr Sukumaran Nair’s project report submitted to UGC that reflected a consensus
to have an accreditation agency accountable to UGC.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1992:
The revised New Education Policy reiterated all round improvement of
educational institutions.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1994:
Prof. G. Ram Reddy committee appointed to finalize the memorandum of
association and rules and regulation of the accreditation board (July 1994).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1994:
National Assessment and Accreditation Council established at Bangalore
(September 1994).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">VISION AND MISSON</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">VISION: -</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">To make quality the quality
defining element of higher education in India through a combination of self and
external quality evaluation, promotion and sustenance initiatives. </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<h4 style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt;">MISSION</span></h4>
<div class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">To arrange for periodic assessment and
accreditation of institutions of higher education or units thereof, or specific
academic programmes or projects;</span></div>
<div class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">To stimulate the academic environment for
promotion of quality of teaching-learning and research in higher education
institutions;</span></div>
<div class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">To encourage self-evaluation, accountability,
autonomy and innovations in higher education;</span></div>
<div class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">To undertake quality-related research
studies, consultancy and training programmes, and</span></div>
<div class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">To collaborate with other stakeholders of
higher education for quality evaluation, promotion and sustenance. </span></div>
<div class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Guided by its vision and striving to achieve
its mission, the NAAC primarily assesses the quality of institutions of higher
education that volunteer for the process, through an internationally accepted
methodology.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>VALUE FRAMEWORK</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">To
promote cognizance developments and the role of higher education in society,
NAAC (2004) has developed five core values: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1.</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Contributing to national development</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. Fostering global competencies among students</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3. Inculcating a value system in students</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4. Promoting the use of technology</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5. Quest for excellence</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; text-transform: uppercase;">Governance Structure</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">NAAC’s working is governed by the General
Council (GC) and the Executive Committee (EC) on which University Grants
Commission (UGC), All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), Ministry
of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Association of Indian Universities (AIU),
Universities, Colleges and other professional institutions are represented.
Senior academics and educational administrators are nominated as members on
these two bodies.</span></div>
<div class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">President- General Council: - Prof. Ved
Prakash has held eminent positions in a number of premier organizations dealing
with Higher education, School education, and Personnel selection. </span></div>
<div class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Chairman- Executive Committee: -Clause 19(b)
of the Rules of NAAC- Every meeting of the executive committee shall be
presided over by the Chairperson of the executive committee and in his/her
absence by the Vice Chairman of UGC, and in the absence of both the senior most
member of the Executive Committee.</span></div>
<div class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">COMMITTEES</span></b></div>
<div class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">NAAC functions through its General Council
(GC) and Executive Committee (EC) and other academic, advisory and
administrative sub committees. NAAC draws its expertise from senior academics
of undoubted integrity from all over India.</span></div>
<div class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Important committees under NAAC are as
follows:</span></div>
<div class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. General Council</span></div>
<div class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2. Executive Committee</span></div>
<div class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3. Finance Committee</span></div>
<div class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4. Building Committee</span></div>
<div class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">5. Appeals Committee</span></div>
<div class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">6. Purchase Committee</span></div>
<div class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">7. CRIEQA Committee</span></div>
<div class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; text-transform: uppercase;">Instrumentation and</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> M<span style="text-transform: uppercase;">ethodology</span></span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">A new methodology was introduced in April
2007, as per this methodology, the higher education institutions are assessed
and accredited in a two step approach.</span></div>
<div class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In the first step, the institution is
required to seek Institutional Eligibility for Quality Assessment (IEQA) and
the second step is the assessment and accreditation of the institution. NAAC
has identified seven criteria-</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Curricular Aspects, Teaching, Learning and Education, Researches,
Consultancy and Extension, Infrastructure and learning Resources,</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Student support and Progression,</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Governance and
Leadership and </span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Innovative practices.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The methodology of NAAC is evolved over 15
years and has undergone several changes based on feedback from stakeholders to
match pace with changing higher education scenario. In keeping with this
tradition NAAC has initiated stakeholder consultation process of a long time
also having contributed to the evolution of NAAC.</span></div>
<div class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The Assessment and Accreditation is in three
dimensions which are explained below:</span></div>
<div class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: TT1AEt00; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> ON-LINE SUBMISSION OF A LETTER</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></b></div>
<div class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2.
PREPARATION OF SELF STUDY REPORT”</span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> – The first
and most important step in the process of assessment is the submission of the
self study report to NAAC. NAAC believes that an institution that really
understands itself- its strengths and weaknesses, its potentials and
limitations. Self- study is thus envisaged as the backbone of the process of
assessment. NAAC insists that the report contain two parts. Part I may contain
data about the institution under the seven criteria for assessment for which
NAAC has developed a format. Based on the data collected in part I, the
institution is expected to analyze its functioning and performance, and
self-analysis becomes part II of the self- study report. </span></div>
<div class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3. PEER TEAM
VISIT:</span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> -The selection of team members
and their subsequent visit to the unit of accreditation are stages in a process
that begins as soon as an institution submits its self- study report. The visit
by the peer team gives the institution an opportunity to discuss and find ways
of consolidating and improving the academic environment. As the first step to
constitute the peer team, NAAC identifies a panel, from the extensive database
of experts, with national- level representation and consults the institution
about any justifiable reservations it may have regarding any member of the
panel. During the on-site visit, keeping in mind philosophy of NAAC, the peer
team does an objective assessment of the quality of education offered in the
institution through three major activities- visiting departments and
facilities, interacting with various constituencies of the institution and
checking documentary evidences. </span></div>
<div class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4. GRADING
AND CERTIFICATION</span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">: - The
major role of the peer team is to provide the institutional score and the
detailed assessment report. The rest of the process is to be performed by NAAC
as directed by the executive committee. If overall score is not less than 55%,
the institution obtains the accredited status. Accredited institutions are
graded on a five- point scale with the following scale values:</span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 31.5pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="height: 31.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.45pt;" valign="top" width="119"><div align="center" class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">GRADE</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 31.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.7in;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">INSTITUTIONAL
SCORE</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="height: 16.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.45pt;" width="119"><div align="center" class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">A++</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 16.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.7in;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">95-100</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="height: 16.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.45pt;" width="119"><div align="center" class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">A+</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 16.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.7in;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">90-95</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="height: 16.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.45pt;" width="119"><div align="center" class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">A</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 16.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.7in;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">85-90</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="height: 16.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.45pt;" width="119"><div align="center" class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">B++</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 16.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.7in;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">80-85</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="height: 16.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.45pt;" width="119"><div align="center" class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">B+</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 16.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.7in;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">75-80</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="height: 15.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.45pt;" width="119"><div align="center" class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">B</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.7in;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">70-75</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="height: 16.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.45pt;" width="119"><div align="center" class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">C++</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 16.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.7in;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">65-70</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="height: 16.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.45pt;" width="119"><div align="center" class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">C+</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 16.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.7in;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">60-65</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="height: 16.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.45pt;" valign="top" width="119"><div align="center" class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">C</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 16.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.7in;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">55-60</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="rtejustify" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Institutions, which do not attain the minimum
55% points for accreditation, would also be intimated and notified indicating
that the institution is “assessed and found not qualified for accreditation”.
After EC’s decision, the institution is informed of the overall grade along
with the criterion- wise scores and the information is included on the website.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>`</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Q<span style="text-transform: uppercase;">uality </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; text-transform: uppercase;">Initiatives by NAAc</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; text-transform: uppercase;">1. </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Quality Sustenance and Promotion by sensitizing institutions
to the concepts such as credit transfer, student mobility and mutual<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>recognition</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.
Establishment of State-Level Quality Assurance Co-ordination Committees
(SLQACCs) in different States</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.
Networking among accredited institutions in order to promote exchange of
"Best/Innovative Practices”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4.
Dissemination of Best/Innovative Practices through seminar/workshops and NAAC
publications</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5.
Financial support to accredited institutions for conducting
seminars/conferences/ workshops etc. on quality issues in Higher Education</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">6.
Establishment of Internal Quality Assurance Cells</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">7.
State-wise analysis of Accreditation Reports for policy initiatives</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">8.
Promoting the concept of Lead College and Cluster of Colleges for Quality
initiatives</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">9.
Research grants for faculty of accredited institutions to execute projects on
different themes / case studies</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">10.
Initiation of student involvement for quality enhancement</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">11.
Developing international linkages for mutual recognition through accreditation</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; text-transform: uppercase;">Role of
NAAC in changing scenario</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; text-transform: uppercase;">R</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ole of NAAC in the changing scenario of higher education needs to
be redefined with respect to recognition cum accreditation, programme
accreditation, national level ranking of universities, preparation of national
benchmarks, national and international database, research and development
centre, developing reports and policy papers to Government of India (GOI),
accreditation of multiple accreditation agencies, recognition of regional/state
level accreditation bodies etc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Assessment
and Accreditation by NAAC may be made mandatory for all higher education
institutions of the country.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">NAAC may start programme accreditation</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ranking of institutions may not be very much relevant when
compared to grading</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">All accreditation agencies including NAAC are to be accredited
once in three years.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">While NAAC could be accredited by recognized international
accreditation bodies, NAAC could perform this function for all the multiple
accreditation agencies getting recognized by Government of India (GOI).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">NAAC grading and duration of accreditation may be linked and
longer period of accreditation may be considered for the third cycle of
institutional accreditation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">NAAC needs to continue to be an Apex Assessment and Accreditation
body for higher education institution, in the country providing vision and
leadership.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; text-transform: uppercase;">NAAC
suggestions</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">NAAC
suggestions for overall development of the higher educational institutions,
given below;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. Since the
state Govt. is deputing a large number of teachers for undergoing B.Ed
programme, this is making the classes a bit crowded. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Further, the Govt. colleges in the state are
under the dual control of the University on one side and the Govt. on the
other. </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Would it be
possible for the Govt. & the University to make these colleges as
constituent colleges of the University, thus paving the way for their better
growth & development? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3. In view of the
increased number of seats & diversification of courses, the college needs
to have more number of teachers, especially in languages.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4. Laboratory
facility needs to be enriched and expanded.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5. College should
have a well equipped language lab, especially in view of the fact that every
B.Ed Trainee opts for one language.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">6.
The college caters to the academic needs of the students who came from far
off areas like Kargil and Ladakh; it needs to have hostels for boys and
girls students.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">7. As internship
& practice of teaching are separately shown in the syllabus,
internship needs to be streamlined & broad based.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">8. Provision of
some merit cum means scholarships need to be made for students from weaker
section of society in view of the trend of increase in fee structure every
year.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">9. The suggestions
put forth by the faculty to the University that the Project work should
not be group work, needs immediate attention to avoid discrimination.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">10. The Computer
lab should be expanded, have more qualified Teachers; Faculty improvement
programme should be strengthened.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; text-transform: uppercase;">Challenges ahead in higher
education </span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
recent developments mainly globalization of education and the extensive use of
educational technology have made the issue of quality measurement even more
complex. The quality assurance systems have to constantly modify their
procedure to address a growing variety of open and distance learning
opportunities, which is stimulated by the use of information technologies. The
review procedures developed for conventional system are hardly sufficient for
electronic delivery methods, which has a wider reach.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A
large number of institutions are offering distance education programmes. They
use multimedia strategies, enroll higher number of students of heterogeneous
backgrounds and differ considerably in their capacities to use electronic media
and delivery infrastructure. The development has serious implications for
quality assurance agencies.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A
similar concern arises in the context of international students’ mobility due
to globalization of education. When student enroll in other countries of
foreign universities offering programmes in the students home country, the
study plans must be evaluated to establish equivalence of their degree
programmes. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
emergence of private higher education institution is also a greater concern to
maintain quality and standard. Privatization creates little problem but the
commercialization of self financing institutions create lot of problems for
maintaining quality as making profit is their main concern. They run the
institution without well qualified staff, needed infrastructure, student
facilities, research etc. In such type of institutions, the relationship
between the capacity to offer quality programmes and the scale of delivery of
services is hard to establish. Because of the internationalization of
education, the solution to the major issues and problems concerning quality
assurance should be sought through co-operation among institutions and
countries. Therefore, global effort is needed to deal with the challenge to
quality assurance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">CONCLUSION</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; text-transform: uppercase;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">An Internal Quality Assurance Cell has to play crucial role in
protecting the quality of education service in India. The establishment of this
cell is a mandatory task before every higher education institution that is
planning to go for NAAC accreditation. Educational Institution, NAAC, AICTE,
UGC and state and central governments has to impose certain kind of
restrictions on every higher education institution in quality aspects of the
service delivery which will place them in certain pressure in different quality
dimensions. Now everybody has realized the importance of quality deliverables
in this sector to protect the local institutions from the foreign institutions
which has already entered into the country and received prominent response from
the prospective students’. If our higher education institutions and regulatory
bodies failed to maintain quality aspects in delivering the quality education
service; those institutions definitely will disappear from the education map of
India. Therefore sustaining quality in this crucial sector which will mould the
future of our upcoming generations is a prime responsibility of our education
system which will be possible only through continuous monitoring with the
support of Internal Quality Assurance Cell of every Higher Education
Institution.</span></div>
</div>
soorajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12279121492182645186noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7054747121821842785.post-10882712650518545962013-02-09T23:31:00.000-08:002013-06-18T06:38:47.256-07:00POST LITERACY AND CONTINUING EDUCATION<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:RelyOnVML/>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: red; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">INTRODUCTION </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>How does an electric bulb light up? Why does it take such a
short time cook “dal” in a pressure cooker? What is the area of your room? The
answers to these and to other similar questions of everyday life cannot be
given if the person is ignorant and not educated even in such simple things
which one comes across every day. It is learning of information skills, and
ideas that make a person knowledgeable and thus a useful member of the society.
Education is change in behavior and improvement in abilities, when ignorance is
changed into knowledge and awareness. The unskilled becomes skilled and his
values, appreciations and outlook on life also change in a more positive way.
Education meaning change in behavior and attitudes need not necessarily be
through formal schooling; it can also be imparted in a non-formal setting. When
education is imparted in a free atmosphere, without the rigidity of rules and regulations
associated with school or college education it is termed as non formal
education (NFE). Non Formal education imparts depth and meaning to that work of
the recipient which he is already doing, or wants to do and thereby can make
him more efficient and quite likely much more productive also. The non-formal
approach to education can be described as the absence of a formal and captive
way of teaching and evaluating. Non-formal education emphasizes learning. In
the non-formal education; it is not necessary to put work into education
because, most of the persons coming for non-formal education would already be
working. Therefore; non-formal education is built around the work of the people
who take up non-formal education. It enables the learner to increase his
productivity in terms of output and also to improve the quality of the work in
which he/she is already engaged. The large proportion of India’s population is
poor; living in rural as well as urban areas. They live in pathetic conditions.
Education in any form needs to be provided to them to improve their quality of
life and to help them to participate productively in the national development.
The formal education system; because of its rigid chronologically graded
structure; excludes the poor from its advantages. The non-formal education,
which is flexible and relevant to the lives of illiterates and the poor, needs
to be encouraged. Formally educated persons can also continue their education
for either self-development or higher professional advancement in a non-formal
way.</b></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqOuaG7PVG_YC2hQd6e0OpN-W3gIgTnVsp9y2Q_S0K_G_pimfh4s9hpOxyOYK9awBWapJSeGBNLrZhBqp9-qxx81StlzcAScQllfeCHFAlFTEiyy31zmBAWTU8HwHdn1j08I2Ta1R29KM/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="141" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqOuaG7PVG_YC2hQd6e0OpN-W3gIgTnVsp9y2Q_S0K_G_pimfh4s9hpOxyOYK9awBWapJSeGBNLrZhBqp9-qxx81StlzcAScQllfeCHFAlFTEiyy31zmBAWTU8HwHdn1j08I2Ta1R29KM/s320/images.jpg" width="320" /></a></b></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>Though, the basic concept of non-formal education is simple,
educationalists responsible for its operation has developed academic objectives
for this form of education also. The academicians have introduced such
objectives not only to explain the concept of non-formal education, but also as
a reminder of the dissimilarities in formal and non-formal education. Some of
the academic objectives of the NFE are described below;</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">To educate the dropouts
from formal education </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">To raise the extent of
functional literacy</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">To prepare individual for
self-employment</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">To retain adults for the
changing requirements of jobs and family life.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">To complement formal
education in a country of largely uneducated people</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">To provide life-long
education.</span></b><br />
<a name='more'></a><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b> </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">CENTERS FOR NON-FORMAL
EDUCATION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>In several Indian Universities, centers of adults and
continuing educator have been established. These centers provide many forms of
non-formal education; with varied contents. Besides, the university centers of
non-formal education, the Industries, voluntary organizations, state governments,
religious bodies, families and individuals also carry on a variety of NFE.
Considering the extent of demands in the non-formal contents, the status of NFE
is valid; desirable and is improving.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>Even before 1995, when NFE was launched in a big way,
several efforts were made by the government and other agencies to remove
illiteracy. Some voluntary agencies, particularly some Christian missionary
groups, made pioneering efforts to make children and adults illiterate, but
they were not particularly successful because of the enormity of the problem
and the severe economic and social constraints. Eradication of illiteracy was
attempted through free and compulsory formal education.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>Mass Literacy Movement, social education and other schemes
were introduced, but all showed poor results. In the 1970’s NFE was widely
suggested and illiteracy was the attacked through the non-formal approach. A
major scheme was launched in 1975 to develop a large scale programme of NFE for
under privileged children, youths and adults.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>These programmes were meant to be related to the needs and the
aspirations of the learners and were to be based on local environmental
conditions. This was an attempt to reach the deprived and the disadvantaged
outside the formal system of education. The government of India became
interested in the advancement of literacy education after independence and some
steps were taken to introduce adult education. But, the progress had been slow
and tardy. With growing awareness that economic and social development are
linked to literacy and education, the drive for literacy has received a fresh
impact.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>Post literacy is defined as programmes which aims are to
maintain and enhance basic literacy, Numeracy and problem solving skills,
giving individuals sufficient general basic work skills enabling them to
function effectively in their societies.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">POST-LITERACY PROCESSES</span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>This idea generally refers to processes and activities
especially developed for neo-literates, which are designed to help them become
fully functionally literate and to be autonomous learners. The essential aims
are to prevent regression to semi-literacy or worse and to develop those
higher-level literacy skills which are essential for autonomy in learning. Such
skills include context vocabulary building, increased general know ledge and
its application, and the development of skills in integrating concepts into
cognitive systems (schema). It is especially important to develop higher skills
of critical reading and to foster skills in independent problem-solving.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Post-literacy programmes are designed for adults who want to
strengthen their literacy skills. They may be immigrants, slum dwellers or
elderly rural poor. In ail activities the objective is to sustain interest in
learning and prevent regression. Literacy regression is common in any society
and it is described as follows: </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">LITERACY REGRESSION</span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>This term refers to the situation where learners, having <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">reached a certain level or grade </span>equivalent
within <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">a </span>literacy programme,
fall to proceed beyond that grade, lose skills and knowledge and revert to a
lower grade of skill and functional knowledge; individuals who are
semi-literate may revert to almost or complete illiteracy. Individuals who are
almost at the neo-literate stage may revert to semi-literacy and so on. Among
school pupils, it is well documerited that children who drop-out of formal
education before reaching school grade V are likely to regress to almost
complete or total illiteracy. Among adults, the boundary is less well-defined but
premature withdrawal from adult literacy programmes inevitably leads to
regression. The main problem among such people is motivation, which underlines
the importance of including functional knowledge of direct and immediate
relevance to the learners. Motivational aspects and the problem of regression
have considerable implications for continuing education.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Post-literacy programme provide the point of </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">«</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">take-off</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">»</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> in a continuing education </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">system. Without it, continuing education has little meaning to neo-literates
or semiliterate rates. The aim of post literacy programmes is to consolidate
the basic literacy skills of speaking, reading, writing, numeracy and problem
solving while at same time overtly or covertly transforming the learners into
an educated whole person, who is a productive socio-economic asset to the
community- bale to participate actively and productively in a nations processes
of Development.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In education many terms are used and many, such as the term </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">post-1iteracy, have
acquired a range of meanings. Some of these terms refer to concepts, some to </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">«</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">systems</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">» </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">some to </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">«</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">processes</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">»</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> and some to programmes. By
concept</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">is meant a general ideas or
notion; and by process is meant a method of operation or a state of carrying on
a procedure. By programme Is meant a structured series of learning events
designed to develop concepts to foster the development of process skills and to
achieve specified outcomes. Programmes </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">may be available through the formal, non-formal or informal
education channels.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a) Related Educational Concepts and their Expression in Programmes
Relevant concepts to be considered in relation to the term </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">post-literacy include the
following:</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>i) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">LITERACY</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>This is generally to mean the ability to read, write and
apply numeracy skills. Vagueness in the definition relates to some disagreement
about what level or skill should be acquired before an individual can be said
to be literate. Modern definitions tend to focus on competency and a literate
person is perceived to be one who has sufficient reading, writing and numeracy
skills to be able to continue to learn alone without the continuing guidance of
a teacher.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Post-literacy programmes ensure that participants who have
at one time reached such a level of competence, but have not adequately accepted
the challenge to continue to learn, or even worse, may be in danger of
regressing to partial literacy, in fact consolidate their literacy skills and
advance to higher levels of competence.</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>ii) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">FUNCTIONAL LITERACY</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>There is a general consensus about the meaning of this term.
Programmes concerned only with reading, writing and calculating for their own
sake have little meaning. Functional literacy includes the development of these
traditional literacy abilities, but it ensures that such development occurs in
areas reflecting the socioeconomic and cultural needs of the learners. The
emphasis is on directly usable knowledge. Reading, writing and numeracy skills
develop with these goals sharply in focus.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Basic literacy programmes should build both technical
literacy skills and functional knowledge. What people learn to read, write and
calculate<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>becomes<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>equally<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>as<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>important<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>technical literacy skill, and the development of one aspect adds to the
development of the other. All continuing education seen through this definition
is functional. </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>iii) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">LEVEL ON GRADES OF
LITERACY</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The traditional way to define “level</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> of literacy was in terms of functional measures and grade
equivalents, using the formal educational system as a standard. There is little
international agreement, however, about what should constitute the levels or
stages of achievement in developing literacy skills and functional knowledge
from illiteracy to the achievement of basic literacy. This is partly
understandable because of the contrasted problems posed by different languages
and cultures.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>iv) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SEMI-LITERACY</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>This can be defined as a stage in literacy development,
which may meet the technical requirements of the final grade of a literacy
training programme but beyond which progress is inhibited. The failure to
proceed further may be motivational, an absence of willingness to continue to
learn without the guidance of a teacher; it may be because of some inherent
ability problem or because of some gap or block in achievement. Semi-literacy
is a major problem in many societies, including those of developed countries
such as Australia, U.K. and U.S.A. Semi-literates are usually functionally
illiterate. That is while .being basically literate in a technical sense, they
cannot apply their literacy skills in everyday life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">v)<i> </i></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">NEO-LITERACY</span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>This term is well-known and fairly non- controversial. A neo
literate is an individual who has completed a basic literacy training programs
and has demonstrated the ability and willingness to continue to learn on
his/her own using the skills and knowledge attained without the direct guidance
of a literacy teacher. It is important to stress that technical achievement is
not sufficient for an individual to be classed as a neo- literate. He or she
needs to have the ability and willingness to continue as an independent
learner. Post- literacy programmes are not only for semi-literates, but also
for neo-literates who do not proceed beyond formal primary schooling or its
equivalent. </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>vi)<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ADEQUATE FUNCTIONAL
LITERACY</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">By 'adequate' we could
perhaps consider levels of competence and functional knowledge that facilitate
an individual's personal development and his or her development as a member </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">of society, and which help to maximize his or her contribution to
the positive development of society, in other words, adequate functional
literacy represents a staking off</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> point from which an individual can grow and </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">increasingly contributes to an improved quality of life.</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">A key aim of programmes of post-literacy is to ensure that
participants become adequately functional literates. Adequate functional
literacy is a pre-requisite for autonomous learning and the development of a
learning </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">society.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>vii<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">) AUTONOMOUS LEARNING</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The idea of autonomous learning is a much more sophisticated
concept than the Idea of simply being and willing to </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">l</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">earn on your own, which is the concept used to define a
neo-literate. The concept implies not just an autonomous learner but an
autonomous person. At an autonomous stage of personal development, education is
seen as leading to </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">creativity, self-fulfillment and deeper
values; it is seen as an on-going process. It is characterized by a learning
style that probes for increasing complexity, complex patterns, toleration for
ambiguity and development of broad views of the world and reflects a respect for
objectivity. </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>This concept clearly implies that if a learning society to
be effective, the opportunities provided by it must be accepted and utilized by
its citizens. Only autonomous learners can take maximum advantage of such
opportunities, so that evaluation of a learning society depends on the
development of autonomous learning. This is a major challenge for continuing
education, and especially for programmes of post-literacy with their aim of
achieving not only learning autonomy, but the development of an autonomous
person.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Three well-known terms of particular relevance to
post-literacy are as follows:</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>i) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">LIFE-LONG LEARNING</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>In 1976, the General Conference of UNESCO adopted the
following definition of life-long learning. The term life-long education and learning
denotes an overall scheme aimed at restructuring the existing educational
system and at developing the entire educational potential outside the education
system; in such a scheme men and women are the agents of their own education.
This definition contains three basic ideas: </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>a) The entire formal educational sub-system should be restructured
to develop life-long learners; </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b)The<i> </i></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">non-formal and informal education sub-sectors should be developed
and utilized to the fullest extent; </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>c) The importance of autonomous learning is stressed.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">According to this view, life-long learning is a process that
involves purposive, </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">directed learning not merely incidental learning. </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Post-literacy programmes are enabling forces to give participants
the motivation, knowledge, skills and values required for them to undertake
self-motivated lifelong learning.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>ii) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ADULT EDUCATION</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Adult education programmes should be seen as a sub-set of
lifelong learning. Adult education has been defined as engaging </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">i</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">n courses </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">and other educational
activities organized by three teachers or sponsoring agency, and taken by
persons beyond compulsory school age. E</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">xcluded is </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">full-time attendance in a programme leading toward a high school
diploma or an academic degree.</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Examples include courses such as diet control, football,
ballroom dancing </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">and car maintenance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adult
education as a process, however, also refers to methodologies of teaching
appropriate for adults- the idea of a dragogy as distinct from pedagogy.
Post-literacy programmes can benefit from a close association with adult
education programmes as defined, but certainly all effective post-literacy
involves adult methodologies as a process.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>FUNCTIONS OF POST-LITERACY</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Some major functions of post-literacy programmes include the
following:</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">TO CONSOLIDATE BASIC LITERACY SKILLS</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>A literate who has just completed a basic literacy course is
not guaranteed retention of that skill. As for any other skill it could become
diffuse and fade out in time unless it is systematically strengthened. A well-designed
post-literacy programme may be able to save the situation. With material
designed to suit the interests of the target group, post-literacy skill should
be able to reinforce and consolidate basic literacy skills both cognitively and
affectively.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>b) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">TO MAKE LIFE-LONG
LEARNING POSSIBLE</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>Post-literacy is a bridge towards autonomous learning. To
reach the stage of autonomous learning means to be within the grasp of being a
life-long learner.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Every country plans
to become a learning society. Post-literacy programmes develop reading habits
while at the same time enhance writing and numeracy skill. Without
post-literacy programmes, or their equivalent, a learning society cannot
materialize since the neo and semi-literates will not be motivated to go beyond
basic literacy skills. Post-literacy programmes provide a second opportunity
for the disadvantaged to become life-long learners. A keen student within a
post-literacy programme has wide options from which to choose further
education. Such a student can either enroll in an equivalency programme and so
have the chance to enter the formal system again, or he or she can go to other
types of continuing education such as vocationally-oriented income-generating
programmes or others. In this sense, post-literacy programmes are liberating
forces 'which provide the opportunity for participants to continue to learn
throughout life.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>c)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">TO ENHANCE UNDERSTANDING OF SOCIETY AND COMMUNITY</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Effective communication fosters understanding and promotes
ties in the community. No person is an island. Humankind is gregarious by
nature. Being gregarious we must have the skill to communicate to others and to
listen effectively. Effective communication, including listening, requires
certain skills. These skills can be acquired through training. Communication
training programmes can be designed and made available to every interested
individual.</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>Communication skills, therefore, should be a central part of
any post-literacy programme. They should be carefully developed to enhance understanding
of society and of the community. </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>d)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">TO DIFFUSE TECHNOLOGY AND INCREASE VOCATIONAL SKILL</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Post-literacy programmes can be an effective instrument to
transfer required technologies to disadvantaged groups and to change a listless
</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">observer
into a productive </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">energetic member of the labor force.
Reading and numeracy materials appropriately designed and properly worded maybe
able to diffuse the required technology even into the remotest part of the
country, instruction and developmental materials can also be modified to suit
the peculiarities of any community and this can be done at relatively low
administrative cost.</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The most successful post-literacy programmes are associated
with the work force. In many Member States, post-literacy activities are presented
</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">on-job
in factories on farms, in retail stores, commercial institutions and so on. The
advanced </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">skills of reading, writing and numerically required for
autonomous learning are developed in association with the functional<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>knowledge needed by participants to be
maximally efficient as employees.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The significance of such an approach for the overall
upgrading of technology and for improvement in individual and commercial<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>efficiency is self-evident.
This type of approach makes a major contribution to the economic well-being of
individuals and of the nation as a whole.</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>e) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">TO MOTIVATES INSPIRE AND
INSTILL HOPE TOWARDS IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LIFE<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Drop-cuts, disadvantaged groups and low-income earners have
a feeling of hopelessness. For them the future is bleak. Their children are
unlikely to have a meaningful place in society. Survival is by chance.
Motivation to improve and the will to excel in life is marginal if not zero. For
this </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">«</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">unproductive</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">»</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> and negative group, interesting and creative post-literacy
materials can act as a 'stimulant. Creatively designed </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">materials can Instill a fighting pioneering spirit. Feelings of
helplessness and the sense of alienation can be overcome. Making such people
realize that each and everyone has the same unharnessed potential and that
everybody is capable of attaining the best in life, will motivate them to excel
in whatever field they decide to undertake. This is possible because a post-literacy
programme is an educational activity. Being educational it is an effective tool
to affect changes in attitudes and behavior towards life. Post-literacy
cultivates, develops, strengthens and stimulates the power of the target group.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">f) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">TO FOSTER HAPPY FAMILY
LIFE THROUGHEDUCATION<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>The ultimate goal of development’s to improve the quality of
life of every citizen in the country. To attain this goal requires co-operative
effort by government and citizen. Every individual should be active in the
development process. The fruit of development will only be harnessed by active
participants. Bystanders will be swept aside by the tide of change.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>Beside economic opportunity, development also provides other
social benefits that will improve family life. Post-literacy programmes on
consumerism, environment, health and ways of leisure can contribute towards
happy living. Participating in post-literacy programmes sharpens the mind and
makes participants alert for all openings and opportunities. Citizens become
responsive and sensitive to the changing environment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>To be alert, adaptable and able to think positively makes
possible the attainment of a fuller life in a demanding society. With higher
income and a healthy mind and body the post-literacy leaner is able to improve
the quality of life. The world becomes a happy place and there is a bright
start towards greater happiness for the family as well as for the individual.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Our
country has set before itself the goal of ^"Education for all<sup>1</sup>
by 2010: a good that aims at, of providing equity, access and quality education
to reach the hitherto unreached population. Hence, continuing personal
development throughout life in both formal and informal terms has become an
essential requirement for all.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">India
has a very rich and long history of education: education which has been passed
on from one generation to the next for thousands of years in various fields of
knowledge. In most fields this transfer of knowledge has been through a
tradition of oral learning with very little of it written down. People passed
on skills along with the rigor of knowledge and human values. It was an
integrated kind of an education.</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The
concept of continuing education or lifelong learning has been embedded in
almost all traditional philosophies. Before the impact of the commercial and
industrial civilization, most countries had a traditional society with a
dominant role of the village community and a <i>subsistence </i>agrarian
economy. Education in that society had to provide occupational skills, behavior
codes, initiation into the value system and an understanding of the ultimate
objective of life.</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">CONTINUING EDUCATION SCHEME</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>The structure of the continuing
education programme, launched in 1995 as a fully funded centrally-sponsored
scheme, will be retained and further strengthened and expanded in scope and
content. A continuing education centre will be set up for a population of
2,000-2,500 so that it caters to the need of at least 500-1000 neoliterates. A
nodal continuing education will be set up for a cluster of 10-15 continuing
education centers.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">CONCLUSION </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Post literacy is a part of the
continuing education process. Post- literacy programmes are designed to
strengthen the literacy skills so that the learner can follow meaningfully
other opportunities offered by other continuing education prorgammes.
Continuing education is an inevitable component of the strategy of human
resource development and of the goal of creating a learning society. The aim of
continuing education programmes is to consolidate the basic literacy skills of
reading, numeracy and problem solving while simultaneously transforming the
learner into an educated member of the community able to participate actively
and productively in the nation’s development. But, in all developmental
programmes, the most important problem faced by the planners and implements is
the lack of effective and positive response of the weaker sections of the
population not only to general development programmes but even to those which
are exclusively intended for them. A failure to elicit a response from people
is mainly due to lack of motivation and lack of awareness resulting from
illiteracy and poverty.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>This
Assignment provides only very broad guidelines for the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>training of continuing education personnel
for post-literacy activities. In practice detailed strategies and training
programmes would need to be designed and developed. Post-literacy programmes
are only one form of continuing education and much of the training should focus
on the general principles and practice of continuing education.</b></span></div>
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>Finally it is also
important to stress that as systematic approaches to continuing education are
relatively new in the region; their successful implementation will depend on
the emergence of a new cadre of well qualified competent educational personnel.
Effective training is the key to this development</b></span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>READ ALSO :<a href="http://educational-system.blogspot.in/2012/10/informal-education-role-of-different.html">INFORMAL EDUCATION ROLE OF DIFFERENT AGENCIES</a></b></span><br />
<b><br /></b>
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b> <a href="http://educational-system.blogspot.in/2013/01/importance-of-electic-approach-in.html">IMPORTANCE OF ELECTRIC APPROACH IN EDUCATION</a></b></span></div>
soorajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12279121492182645186noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7054747121821842785.post-72403640985194448632013-02-09T23:28:00.001-08:002019-11-27T04:49:46.602-08:00ROLE OF N.C.E.R.T. IN PROMOTING THE QUALITY OF TEACHER EDUCATION<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:RelyOnVML/>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">INTRODUCTION</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqdqxAVHToQ5s1slSOlYYRrffzlUdg00jgw_CmZP22yApD3ZOLH21CqdLcd8c2a96RLHsaQWk-tCWFYvA2xkvPcFkp5kuqcqRq2haujdjdOf_W_eGGzoYaC-rA989-eVPlGaFedhb1z-k/s1600/images+(1).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="51" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqdqxAVHToQ5s1slSOlYYRrffzlUdg00jgw_CmZP22yApD3ZOLH21CqdLcd8c2a96RLHsaQWk-tCWFYvA2xkvPcFkp5kuqcqRq2haujdjdOf_W_eGGzoYaC-rA989-eVPlGaFedhb1z-k/s400/images+(1).jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The National Council of
Educational Research and Training was established in New Delhi on 1<sup>st</sup>September,
1961 for providing academic support in improving the quality of school
education in India. It is the academic adviser to the Ministry of Human
Resource Development (HRD) of the Government of India. It is concerned with all
problems of school education in the country, and endeavors to improve such
education through developing various programmes of research, publication,
extension training. NCERT also provides technical advice to states as to how to
improve the standard of state science exhibitions and their exhibits for
national science exhibitions.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: large; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b><a href="https://www.youtube.com/eduzoneforyou?sub_confirmation=1" target="_blank">please consider subscribing our video channel</a></b></span> </span><br />
<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>NCERT has the National Institute of
Education located at Delhi. NCERT has a large publishing house. It published
model text-books, hand-books, guide books and children’s literature or
supplementary reading materials. NCERT possesses a production workshop with
huge qualities of materials flowing in and flowing out. The central Institute
of Education which is a constituent college of the University of Delhi
maintained by the NCERT and provides facilities for courses of study leading to
the B.Ed and M.Ed degrees. NCERT maintains four regional colleges of education
at Ajmer, Bhopal, Bhubaneswar and Mysore. NCERT assists several states in their
curriculum development, writing of text books and reviewing of school
text-books.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The success of the NCERT will depend on
the extent to which it gains confidence of the entire country and gets accepted
by the professional group of various states in the field of school education.
The impact of NCERT text books on the classroom practices has been tremendous.
Beside CBSE affiliated schools, the organizations like the Kendriya Vidyalaya
Sanghatan (KVS) and the Navodaya Vidyalaya Sanghatan use NCERT text books. One
hopes and wishes that the NCERT’s vision is spelt out soon through a policy
decision/declaration in which all undefined aspects of text book preparation
and production are spelt out clearly. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ESTABLISHMENT</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ministry of Education of Indian
Government established NCERT in 1961. NCERT is an autonomous-organization,
working as an academic using of the Ministry of education. It assists the said
Ministry in the formulation and implementation of its policies and programmes
in the field of education. It is expected to encourage student teachers and
teacher educators to conduct educational research. In order to fulfill these
maintain objectives, it has established National Institute of Education (NIE)
at Delhi and four regional colleges of education at Ajmer, Bhopal, Bhubaneswar
and Mysore. It also works collaboration with the departments in the states, the
universities and institutes, following objectives of school education. It also
maintains close-contact with similar national and international institutions
throughout the world. It communicates result of its researches to a common man
by publishing books and journals.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The establishment of NCERT in 1961
was a major step taken for the development of school education which involves
teacher education also. Amongst the significant contribution of NCERT are:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Revamping of Elementary and Secondary Teacher education
curriculum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Reorganizing of student teaching and evaluation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Institution of All-India surveys on teacher education.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Focus on continuing education of teachers through establishments
of centers of continuing education.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Recognition to contributions to education by outstanding school
teachers and teacher educators through a scheme of national awards.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">STRUCTURE</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The general body is the policy
making body of the NCERT with the Union Minister for Human resource Development
as its president. All the Ministers of Education in the states and union
territories are its members. Besides, experts in the field of education are
also nominated as members. Its membership pattern helps in taking policy
decisions at the highest level.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The governing body of the NCERT is
the Executive Committee, again with the Union Minister for Human resource
Development as its ex-officio president. The union minister for education is
its ex-officio vice president assisting the executive committee is three
standing committees dealing with finance, establishment matters and programmes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The principal executive and
academic of the NCERT is the director who is assisted by the joint director and
the secretary. All of them are appointed by the government of India.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">OBJECTIVES OF NCERT</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">To launch, organize and strengthen research works in various
aspects of education.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">To ensure success of the process, a good no of curricular/learning
materials have to be brought out by the NCERT.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">To arrange for pre-service and in-service training at the higher
level.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">To provide guidance and counseling services on large scale.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">To establish a National Institute of Education and manage for the
development of research and higher training for educational administration and
teachers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">To publish necessary textbooks, journals and other literature for
achieving the objectives.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">To organize extension centers in training institutes with the
cooperation of state governments and extend facilities pertaining to new
methods and technologies among them.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF NCERT</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The functions of NCERT broadly
relate to (a) research and development, (b) in-service and pre-service
training, and (c) extension and dissemination work- all these tuned to achieve
the main objective of improving the quality of school education. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
NCERT, therefore</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Develops curriculum, instructional and exemplar materials, methods
of teaching, techniques of evaluation, teaching aids, kits and equipments,
learning resources, etc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">To monitor the administration of NIE/ Regional colleges of
education.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">To prepare and publish study material for students and related
teacher’s handbooks.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Organizes pre-service and in-service training of teachers, teacher
educators and other educational personnel;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">To undertake aid, promote and co-ordinate research in all branches
of education for improving school-education.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Conducts and promotes educational research.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">To search talented students for the award of scholarship in
science, technology and social sciences.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Disseminates improved educational techniques and practices and
research findings.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">To undertake functions assigned by the Ministry of education (now
HRD) for improving school-education.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Acts as a cleaning house for ideas and information on all matters
relating to school education and teacher education.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">CONSTITUENT UNITS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The National Council of Educational
Research and Training (NCERT), with six constituents has been serving the cause
of qualitative improvement of school education since its inception in 1961.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
constituents of NCERT are:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fourteen departments of the
National Institute of Education (NIE) at NCERT headquarters, New Delhi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Central Institute of Educational Technology (CIET), NIE campus,
New Delhi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pandit Sunderlal Sharma Central Institute of Vocational Education
at Bhopal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Educational Research and Innovation Committee (ERIC) at NIE
campus, New Delhi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Four Regional Institutes of Education at Ajmer, Bhopal,
Bhubaneswar and Mysore.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The programmes
formulation is based on the National Policy of on education, interactions with
the state education authorities, assistance sought by the central educational
organizations, and the assessment of educational needs of the country for
qualitative improvement of school education by the faculty of the NCERT.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION
(NIE)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The NIE’s activities are mainly
confined to (a) research and development (b) in-service training and (c)
publishing and dissemination programmes. The NIE also develops prototypes of
science kits which are in fact mini-laboratories for schools. Other important
areas of its work are the non-formal education for out-of-school children,
early childhood education, and education of the disabled and programmes for the
educationally backward minorities</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In order to fulfill the objectives of
NCERT, NIE functions through nine departments, seven units and two cells as
under:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Departments of NIE</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Academic Departments</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Production Departments</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Department of Math’s Education</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Department of Textbooks</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Department of Teacher Education</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Department of Teaching Aids</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Department of Educational
Psychology Publication Department</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Department of Educational
Psychology Workshop Department</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Department of Text-books.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Units of NIE</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">National Talent Search Unit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Survey and Data Processing Unit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Policy, Planning and Evaluation
Unit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Library and Documentation Unit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Vocationalisation of Educational
Unit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Examination Reform Unit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Examination Research Unit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Cells of NIE</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Primary Curriculum</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Journals Cell</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 64.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">CENTRAL<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>INSTITUTE OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY (CIET)</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The CIET is the sixth constituent
unit of the NCERT. It aims at promoting the use of educational technology,
particularly mass media, for improving and spreading education in the country,
and for developing an alternate system of education.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The CIET develops (a) software in mind educational needs, (b) trains
personnel working in the field of educational technology, (c) conducts research
and evaluation systems, programmes and materials, (d) documents and
disseminates information concerning educational media and technology.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The CIET is equipped to take up
programmes covering most of the areas of educational technology, viz., distance
education, educational television, radio, films and low cost material.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Functions of
CIET are as under:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">To encourage the use of educational technology in the spread of
education.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">To organize training programmes in connection with
school-broadcasting and educational television.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">To develop learning aids based on educational technology.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">REGIONAL INSTITUTES OF EDUCATION
(RIE):</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The council has four Regional
Colleges of Education (RCEs) one at Ajmer, Bhopal, Bhubaneswar and Mysore.
These campus colleges with the demonstration multipurpose schools attached to
them. Such schools help the faculty to develop methodologies and test them in
the actual classroom situation. Each college has modern laboratories, well
-equipped library and residential quarters.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All the RCEs conduct in-service
training programmes both for school teachers and teacher educators. Besides
teaching and extension work, the colleges also take up research and development
programmes. Now they are converted in Regional Institutes of Education.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">RESEARCH AND PROFESSIONAL GROWTH</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Educational Research and
Innovations Committee (ERIC) of the NCERT funds research programmes taken up by
scholars both within and outside the council. The projects, however, are to
have a direct bearing on either school education or teacher education. The ERIC
also holds periodic conferences of educational research workers. Having funded
publication of surveys of educational researches in India earlier, it has now
taken upon itself the task of compiling such research volumes as well.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The NCERT offers financial assistance
to professional associations in the field of education for holding annual
conferences and publishing journals.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">PUBLICATIONS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The publishing programme of the NCERT is a
part of its total effort to improve the quality of school education. The NCERT
textbooks published in English, Hindi and Urdu languages have the unique
distinction of being at once attractive and inexpensive. These textbooks are
freely adopted by states under their nationalized textbook programme. They are
also used widely in schools affiliated to the Central Board of Secondary
Education, Kendriya Vidyalayas, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas, Tibetan schools
and several public schools. The NCERT brings out a wide variety of publications
such as (a) research literature, (b) school textbooks including workbooks and
teachers guides, (c) general books for children of different age groups, and
(d) educational journals viz., Indian Educational Review (quarterly), Journal
of Indian Education and Bharatiya Adhunik Shiksha(bi-monthlies), School
Science(quarterly), The Primary Teacher and Primary Shikshak (both
quarterlies), and NCERT Newsletter and Shaikshik Darpan (both news magazines
primarily meant for in-house circulation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The NCERT also brings out
supplementary readers under the ‘Reading to learn’ and National Integration
Series. These books are specially written keeping in view the needs of school
children, to promote a healthy reading habit in them.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The NCERT develops ‘National
Curriculum Frameworks’ in which, among other things, the policy directives of
the National Policies on Education are kept in view. The textbook development
programme of the NCERT is supposed to be guided, inter alia, by the provisos of
the National Curriculum Framework. Among other things, the societal concerns
mentioned in the National Curriculum Framework should find reflection in the
textbooks developed by the NCERT.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The NCERT’s international cooperation
ranges from working with the United Nations institutions like UNESCO, UNICEF,
UNDP, UNFPA etc., to assisting third world countries. The NCERT is one of the
major institutions to assist the Ministry of Human Resource Developing for
implementing cultural exchange agreements between India and other countries.
The NCERT has been implementing a number of UNICEF assisted and UNESCO
sponsored programmes and project with the help of states and union territories.
The NCERT is also implementing and monitoring the UNFPA funded project on
population education in both the formal and non-formal education sectors.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Over the years the NCERT has stimulated
professional growth of teachers, teacher educators, educational administrators
and other educational personnel by involving them in most of its programmes
including seminars, workshops, conferences and orientation programmes-through
which it works. The NCERT’s work covers the entire spectrum of school education
ranging from planning to evaluation. Its programmes benefit all the children
from 3 and half to 18 years of age and also those who aspire to be teachers or
are already in the profession.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">PROGRAMMES AND ACHIEVEMENTS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>NCERT’s programmes are within the
parameters of school education. A interface in the area of vocational education
between the NCERT and the UGC is already in operation. The NCERT is also
collaborating with IGNOU in training courses through distance education mode.
It has been involving the Directorate of Adult Education in organizing
programmes for training the faculty of District Resource Units of the District
Institutes of Education and Training (DIETs) and principals of DIETs. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The NCERT-CIET contributes substantial
number of Educational Television and Radio programmes for children and teachers
in the context of the Programmes of Mass Orientation of School Teachers
(PMOST). The NCERT and the Doordarshan collaborated effectively. With the main
emphasis on universalization of elementary education, NCERT has organized
Special Orientation of Primary Teachers (SOPT) in collaboration with the
respective states. The NCERT has been now advising and assisting the states
under the Centrally Sponsored District Primary Education Programme.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The department of women studies set up
in the NCERT to formulate and implementing projects/programmes for promoting
education for girls, who constitute a major segment of non-enrolled population
has conducted studies and developed instructional strategies for them.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>NCERT has been providing technical
support to the states in the planning and implementation of various programmes
to promote vocationalisation at the plus two stages. It has also been engaged
in development of competency-based curricula for different vocational courses,
development of guidelines for implementing different aspects of
vocationalisation of education, development of syllabi and instructional
materials, training of vocational teacher educators, teachers and other personnel.The
NCERT has developed a framework for semesterisation in collaboration with
Boards of Secondary and Senior Secondary Education.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>NCERT has also developed conceptual
materials related to educational evaluation, preparation of
criterion-referenced texts and the training of test item writers in different
subject areas. It has also developed a sample cumulative card along with
procedures for maintaining records of pupil’s achievement and guidelines for
introduction of grading and scaling in examinations. NCERT has also undertaken
a programme to identify talented children in rural areas as per requirement of
admission to Navodaya Vidyalays.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">CONCLUSION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>National Council of Educational
Research and Training (NCERT) is an apex resource organization set up by the
Government of India, to assist and advice the central and state Governments on
academic matters related to school education. NCERT also provides technical
advice in how to improve the standard of science based education. The NCERT
performs the important functions of conducts and promotes educational research,
improve educational techniques, practices and research findings, develops
curriculum instructional and exemplar materials, methods of teaching,
techniques of evaluation, teaching aids etc. The NCERT offers the pre-service
and in-service training of teachers at various levels such as pre-primary,
elementary, secondary and higher secondary and also in such areas as vocational
education, educational technology, guidance and counseling and special
education. NCERT has a large publishing house. It publishes model text books,
hand-books, guide books and children’s literature or supplementary reading
books. The constituents of NCERT are NIE, CIET, ERIC, RIEs etc. NCERT aims at
bringing about improvement of education through various kinds of educational
technologies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is a major step taken
for the development of school education which involves teacher education also. </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">READ ALSO :</span><br />
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
<a href="http://educational-system.blogspot.in/2012/01/role-of-scert-in-promoting-quality.html">ROLE OF S.C.E.R.T IN PROMOTING QUALITY TEACHER EDUCATION</a></h3>
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></div>
</div>
soorajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12279121492182645186noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7054747121821842785.post-79840461786182972792013-01-28T23:36:00.000-08:002019-11-27T04:50:16.190-08:00IMPLICATIONS OF PRAGMATISM IN MODERN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<!--[if !mso]>
<style>
v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style>
<![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:RelyOnVML/>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves>false</w:TrackMoves>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: lime; font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">INTRODUCTION</span></b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpJae4DMwOcpAFuHnOOHD_GSNxF_GlFJMiAfMM9NHqXRfityl5ImwNOd0OBPw2p9mrnxA2lhgQG-C-mk-e0yvc_Z1u-BGaMDbmjC89ACE8itsVrMSpmaD301D9H1DiREq-E6shNKW9Dcc/s455/pragmatism.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpJae4DMwOcpAFuHnOOHD_GSNxF_GlFJMiAfMM9NHqXRfityl5ImwNOd0OBPw2p9mrnxA2lhgQG-C-mk-e0yvc_Z1u-BGaMDbmjC89ACE8itsVrMSpmaD301D9H1DiREq-E6shNKW9Dcc/s320/pragmatism.png" width="317" /></a></span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Education and philosophy are closely
inter-related. Philosophy is the corner stone of the foundation of the
education. Philosophy answers thousands of questions in the field of education.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pragmatism is recognized as the native
philosophy of America. Historically the Pragmatic approach can be traced to
Protagoras, a sophist Philosopher of ancient Greece who said “Man is the
measure of all things”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: large; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b><a href="https://www.youtube.com/eduzoneforyou?sub_confirmation=1" target="_blank">please consider subscribing our video channel</a></b></span> </span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>John Dewey (1859-1952) becomes its leading
and most influential exponent. He practised it in his laboratory school set up
in Chicago in 1896.His purpose was to train pupils in co-operation and mutually
useful living.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The term Pragmatism is sometimes called
“Progressivism”. “Progress implies Change. Change further implies novelty”. So
education cannot be convenience of as acquired once for all. Life has become as
complex as is subject to rapid modifications that the child has to face new
problems and education should enable the child to learn new techniques and
problematic situations. Problem solving is at the core of all the education.
The educative process becomes empirical, experimental and piecemeal: in a word
Pragmatism.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: lime; font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">BASIC
PRINCIPLES</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pragmatists believe that man is
primarily a biological and sociological organism. Past, for man is dead and go
on. Tomorrow would come with its own problems and with their own problems.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Human beings are essentially
active. Here emphasis is on action and learning by doing. Action is real and
ideas are tools.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">There are no absolute values of
life. Values are flexible. They change with time and circumstances.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mind is dynamic process, which
functions within a man. The human mind is the product of change. The growth of
personality is the product of action and discovery. Development of personality
is possible only in social context.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Truth is that which works in
practical situations. It is workable.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Thought and knowledge emerges
from search and enquiry.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pragmatism makes activity; the
basis of all teaching prefers self activity in the context of co-operative
activity.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">AIM OF EDUCATION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to the pragmatic view the
function of education is to bring about certain changes in the behaviour of the
individual. These changes relate to the physical, intellectual, and the moral
development of the human beings. They reflect the growth of the individual, as
the process of education goes on and the individual continues growing
physically, mentally, and morally. Since this process starts from birth and
continues throughout life. Education is broadly conceived as a life-long
process.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pragmatism
rejects the idea of accepting eternal truths<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and fixed principles. Truths are good
and proved by human experience. In the process of education values and truths
are discovered at each stage and as the individual goes on discovering them he
goes on acquiring more and more self-confidence and breadth of vision which is
indicative of his growth and realization of some objectives.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Educational
aims are not at the end of process of education. They are rather within the process
and as the individual go on achieving some educational objectives.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: blue;">CURRICULUM</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pragmatism stresses experience based
curriculum (activity based curriculum). </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It assigns due place to the
interests of the child. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It gives integrated knowledge
around a particular problem of life. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It provides problem solving
activities. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The pragmatists’ curriculum
consists of totality of experiences that the pupil receives through the
manifold activities in the school, in the classroom library, laboratory, and
play ground.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It emphasizes subjects and
studies like social studies,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>physical
training, hygiene, mathematics and science.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">DISCIPLINE</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
pragmatism, there is no place for rewards and punishments. It stresses social
discipline. Pragmatism believes that discipline comes through purposive and
cooperative activities. According to John Dewey, discipline is the proper use
of one’s energy and power. It advocates self discipline.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">PRAGMATISM AND THE EDUCATIVE
PROCESS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Activity
is the central point in the whole educative process. In all creative learning
two agencies are evolved-the educator and educand. No real learning is
conceived without the co-operation between the two to achieve their common
purposes and goals. Co-operation of the two in pursuing an activity gives rise
to the process of education. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Action
is the primordial; unless there is any action, there is no thinking. Real
education is not mere imparting of bookish information; real education means
pled up in many continues experience or activities. The basis of all teaching
is the activity of the child.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">METHODS OF TEACHING</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The whole emphasis of method of
teaching in Pragmatism is on child, not the book, or the teacher, or the
subject</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The dominant interest of the
child is “to do and to make”. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The duty of the teacher to teach
his pupils to do, rather than to know. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The method should be flexible and
dynamic. It must be adaptable and modifiable to suit the nature of the subject
matter and the potentiality of the students. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The pragmatist’s curriculum
provides for creative and purposeful activities in the teaching-learning
process. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pragmatism regards teacher as a
helper, guide and philosopher. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pragmatist’s suggests Project
method, consisting of purposeful activity carried out in a social environment,
pupils learns by doing. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Learning by doing makes the pupil
creative, confident and co-operative. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Methods like problem solving,
play-way, experimental and laboratory techniques which follows the principles
of learning by doing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">IMPLICATIONS OF PRAGMATISM
IN<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>EDUCATION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">a) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: blue;">EDUCATION AS LIFE</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Old and traditional education is
lifeless. To them education is a continuous re-organizing reconstructing,
integrating the experience and activities of race. They want to conserve the
worthwhile culture of the past. Real knowledge can be gained only be activity,
experiments and real life experience. Thus in order to develop the child fully
that he should be provided opportunities to participate more in activities and
experiments so that he creates his own values and lead better, richer and happiest
life.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">b) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: blue;">EDUCATION AS GROWTH</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The child is to develop and
life for the society, so his personality can be best developed in social
environment. If it were not for his contact with other peoples he would never
achieve a personality at all. The person who interacts with others has the
ability to examine one’s needs in an objective way and he has the capacity for
reflection and intelligent action. They are inconceivable without the give and
take of the social environment.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus education will be useful if
it brings about the growth and development of the individual as well as the
society which he lives. Each child is born with inherent capacities, tendencies
and aptitudes which are drawn out through education.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">c)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: blue;">EDUCATION
AS A SOCIAL PROCESS</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the words of Dewey “Education
is the social continuity of life”. To pragmatist education is life itself and
not preparation for life. Thus it wants to clear to the educator that the four
things are inseparable i.e. man and nature, individual and society, mind and
body, and thought and action. In the words of Prof. V. R. Tenaja ‘The
pragmatists wish that the educator should have realisable aims in order to meet
the struggle of life in a rational way.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">d) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: blue;">EDUCATION A CONTINUOUS RESTRUCTURING
OF<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>EXPERIENCE</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Education is a process of
development. Knowledge changes with circumstances and it gained by continuous
experiments and experiences leads to one to another and so on and the area of
knowledge is widened. The process of reconstruction of experiences goes on and
leads to adjustment and development of the personality. For pragmatists
educational process has no end beyond itself. In addition to the individual it
is continuous, reorganising, reconstructing and integrating the experiences and
the activities of the race.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>e) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: blue;">EDUCATION
THE RESPONSIBILITY OF STATE</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Education is the birth right of
each individual, so the state should shoulder the responsibility. It is for the
state to make the child capable and confident to meet the problems and
challenges of life successfully.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">LIMITATIONS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It does not raise the question of ultimate reality behind things.
According to it whatever is apparent is real. There is no place for spirit or
essence. Humanities and cultural activities find no place in the pragmatic
scheme of education. It ignores the past as well as the experience of the past.
It lays emphasis on the present and the future. It does not provide regular and
systematic instructions. It is less practicable in the Indian schools. The
curriculum is haphazard. It is difficult to include all the basic skills and
knowledge required by the learner. It does not give fixed ideals of education
such as education does not help much.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">CONCLUSION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pragmatic philosophy is a practical
philosophy, having no fixed or absolute standards. Man always creates new value
and education should help him in doing so. Being a practical and utilitarian
school of philosophy, pragmatism has influenced education to the maximum
extent.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
READ ALSO : <a href="http://educational-system.blogspot.in/2011/09/implications-of-idealism-in-educational.html">IMPLICATIONS OF IDEALISM IN EDUCATION</a><br />
:<a href="http://educational-system.blogspot.in/2011/11/philosophical-background-of-modern.html">PHILOSOPHICAL BACKGROUND OF EDUCATION</a></div>
<br /></div>
soorajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12279121492182645186noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7054747121821842785.post-8830757298416948822013-01-27T23:34:00.000-08:002019-11-27T04:50:49.758-08:00IMPORTANCE OF ECLECTIC APPROACH IN EDUCATION<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:RelyOnVML/>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>INTRODUCTION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Philosophy of education can refer to either the academic field of
applied philosophy or to any of educational philosophies that promote a
specific type or vision of education, and/or which examine the definition, goals
and meaning of education. Education and philosophy are closely inter-related.
If philosophy is love of knowledge then education is acquisition of knowledge.
For a long time education was regarded as a disciplinary process and learning
by attempt was important for student. After that child-centered education laid
an emphasis on presenting education according to the child’s interest. Today
these two contradictory forms come to a compromise. Interest has been admitted
as the fundamental truth for attraction of the child, and once interest is created;
even attempt would not be uninteresting to him. But neither is complete in
itself; hence, co-ordination between two is necessary. The study of educational
philosophy helps an educationalist to critically evaluate his own practices and
make necessary changes in his practice. Philosophy has the potential for
provoking revolutionary changes, revises and rejects some of our beliefs,
develops analytical and logical skills and reasoning. Educational philosophy
clarifies concept and analyses propositions, beliefs and theories of education.
A philosophy vision is essential to understand the new trends in the
educational systems especially the contemporary educational movements.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: large; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b><a href="https://www.youtube.com/eduzoneforyou?sub_confirmation=1" target="_blank">please consider subscribing our video channel</a></b></span> </span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">MEANING OF ECLECTICISM</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Eclecticism has been derived from
the verb root “elect”. To elect means to choose and pick up. The good ideas,
concept and principles from various schools of thought have been chosen, picked
up and blended together to make a complete philosophy. Thus eclecticism is a
philosophy of choice. Eclecticism is nothing but fusion of knowledge from all
sources. It is a peculiar type of educational philosophy which combines all
good ideas and principles from various philosophies. Eclecticism</span><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">is a conceptual approach that does not hold rigidly to a
single<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">paradigm <span style="color: black;">or set of assumptions, but
instead draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to gain complementary
insights into a subject, or applies different theories in particular cases. It
can sometimes seem inelegant or lacking in simplicity, and eclectics are
sometimes criticized for lack of consistency in their thinking. It is, however,
common in many fields of study.</span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="color: black;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTiHSwgWD-sOa96DpYDt9VN_soqErAaSwLuuUOQHMByuqOEMNlc9e7px1kcBo89KJmgmshgrsPbJQrf-YOAUfbsWbaOp7cxMy6hLfCfE_TP4B-63tES9hbaZ1uQhQTlIwaE0kMkmkgo1A/s1600/eclectic+approach.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTiHSwgWD-sOa96DpYDt9VN_soqErAaSwLuuUOQHMByuqOEMNlc9e7px1kcBo89KJmgmshgrsPbJQrf-YOAUfbsWbaOp7cxMy6hLfCfE_TP4B-63tES9hbaZ1uQhQTlIwaE0kMkmkgo1A/s320/eclectic+approach.JPG" width="317" /></a></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">NEED OF ECLECTIC PHILOSOPHY IN EDUCATION</span></b><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We
live in such an era when dogmatic adherence to a particular philosophy is
foolish and is quite harmful. The world is changing very fast. Values are
changing rapidly. We require a dynamic outlook and mental flexibility to have
an all-round adjustment and optimal development. No philosophy contributes to
all aspects of education. Idealism based on spirituality. Naturalism based on
materialism. Pragmatism is between the two. While idealism is famous for its
high and lofty aims of education, pragmatism is famous for its brilliant
principles and curriculum, naturalism for its method of education. No
philosophy is full-fledged to provide all things. But we want an integral
education for complete living. If we synthesis all good ideas and principles
with the best materials of all these philosophies we have to adopt an eclectic
approach by harmonizing the conflicting ideologies and blend them together. We
have to find unity in diversities through eclectic approach.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">DEVELOPMENT OF ECLECTIC TENDENCY
IN EDUCATION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Due to eclectic tendency, we find in
modern education the influence of all the philosophies and tendencies of education.
According to his doctrine of naturalism, Rousseau emphasized child-centered
education. In modern education also child is developed according to his nature.
Pestalozzi has stated that education is the development of the inherent
capacities of a child and as such education should develop to the fullest
extent the physical, mental and moral capacities of a child. After Pestalozzi,
Herbart declared moral character as an aim of education and emphasizing
curriculum construction advocated five formal steps of teaching. The third
protagonist of psychological tendency, Froebel, insisted that educational
process should follow the laws of Nature and considering the child’s nature as
good emphasized that education should allow complete development of the child
through self activity. He argued for a free and unfettered environment for the
development of the child and inculcation of sociability. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>After the advent of psychological
tendency, the stage was occupied by scientific tendency. Herbert Spencer
insisted that for complete living scientific subjects should occupy a prominent
place in the curriculum. He tried to correlate education with actual life and
uphold the importance of individualism. But we see that sociological tendency
in education developed out of scientific tendency. According to sociological
tendency, education is required to create such socially citizens who do not
prove parasite on others but lead a life of self-reliance. For this purpose
emphasis for vocational, technical and universal education began to given.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Eclectic tendency has also exercised
its influence in the solution of those problems which seemed, at one time, very
complex and insoluble. This tendency has brought about a synthesis between the
individual and social aims. Both the aims are not contradictory but
complimentary and mutually contributory. Another problem to be tackled in the
field of education has been of ‘interests’ and ‘efforts’. In ancient times,
there ruled the disciplinary concept of education which upheld the use of
‘efforts’ in utter disregard of the child’s interests. Hence, subjects were
given importance with a view to their difficulty and efforts of children to
learn them. Due to eclectic tendency both the factors, interests and efforts,
are brought together to form a harmonious synthesis of the two to emphasize
that a child needs the use of both, the interests as well as efforts, for his
fullest development.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The third problem is of ‘freedom’
and ‘discipline’. The burning question had been how much freedom and how much
discipline, should be provided and enforced. Eclectic tendency has solved this
problem quite satisfactorily. Today freedom and discipline, stand integrated as
one concept, as two sides of the same coin. Today the hard, rigid and
repressionistic concept of discipline stands discredited and through
impressionistic and sublimation processes, self-reliance, obedience,
self-confidence, self-planning and managing are inculcated in children. This
leads to self-discipline. Today freedom means all conductive opportunities for
self-development and allowing the same opportunities to other as well. This is
possible when each individual adheres to self-discipline and allows others the
same rights for self-development through self-efforts, self-experiences and
self investigation of new truths. Modern progressive education contains all the
essential merits of all the philosophies and tendencies of education. The
credit of this synthesis and unified integration goes to eclectic
tendency.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ECLECTIC TENDENCY AND EDUCATION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Philosophy of life has a powerful
impact on education. Because eclectic tendency is gaining wider appreciation
and acceptance in the life of an individual today, therefore the influence of
this tendency on this education is natural. It reflects a harmonious synthesis
of all those dynamic ideals and principles. Under the influence of eclectic
tendency, all the previous ideologies and tendencies are influencing the
following aspects of education. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>AIMS OF EDUCATION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The question has always been arising
whether the aim of education is to educate the child for society or for
individual progress. The aim of modern education has become individual progress
and development and social service. We have seen in the philosophy of Nunn that
there is no difference between individual and universal progress. Here comes
the role of eclectic tendency. If we look into Prof. Horne’s definition this
tendency becomes quite evident. According to him, education is a high
adjustment of a physically and intellectually developed conscious individual to
his intellectual, emotional and volitional environment. In this definition
perfect fusion of psychological, scientific and sociological tendencies.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">TEACHING MATERIAL</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Teaching material is no more an
important matter, the earning of which should be compulsory for the students,
as it is a truth or combination of truths. Modern teaching material is a brief
form of civilization and a record of the standards of progress and values of
civilization. The civilization of one period cannot be suitable to another
period; therefore, it would have to be changed on the basis of needs and
changes. Teaching material is helping student to familiarize themselves with
life as teaching is the preparation for life. Therefore, the process of knowing
life would also remain changing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>METHOD OF TEACHING</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Method of teaching is used in order
to experiment this material of civilization on the child and to bring desirable
changes. This method should be used naturally by the teacher. The knowledge of
children, knowledge of modern interests and problems, suppressing the rigid
method of teaching and taking the broader meaning of teaching method-all these
are symbolical of the teacher’s ability. Therefore, a teacher should have a
knowledge of every method. The burden of the modern teacher has increased
because he has to apply new methods with a view to the children’s knowledge for
the changing age, and the progress of the society. Regarding the method of
teaching the kernel of all philosophy is ‘method’ according to ‘circumstances’,
taking in view the interest of the child. Their emphasis is on motivating
instruction, which is the result of the curriculum growing out of the present
experiences of children. They have assigned a place for drill and concede the
supreme importance of freedom both as an end and as a means to achieve the end.
Among method they have a special advocacy for problem solving, which they
believe, is on consonance with life’s demands. Importance of direct experience
is recognized by lending their support to ‘play-way’ and ‘learning by doing’.
The above mentioned eclectic tendency is visible not only in the field of
education but in every field of education. This tendency is carrying us to a
good age where we would be able to establish new ideals, values and standards
over narrow and corrupt feelings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>DISCIPLINE</span></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>With regard to discipline none of
the schools of the philosophies supports ‘pressionism’. Freedom or
free-discipline is their keyword. All the philosophers wish the mature children
to play their part in making decisions about the affairs of the schools. They
should not be pushed around against their consent. Discipline through knowledge
and knowledge through experience is the under-current of all educational
philosophies. The teacher’s role as a friend, guide, and philosopher, the
director of the class, arranger of the experiences to the child, etc. is
prominent in modern educational scene.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">EMPHASIS ON THE TRAININTG OF
TEACHERS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Under the influence of eclectic
tendency more and more teacher-training institutions are being opened to
provide training to teachers for various grades and levels of education.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">SECULAR FORM OF EDUCATION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In ancient and medieval times,
provision of education was made by religious institutions. But, under the
influence of eclectic tendency, modern education has broken off from religious
bonds and has become material and worldly.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">PLACE OF SCHOOL</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Under the influence of sociological
tendency, the function of school is to prepare dynamic citizens to participate
in the social activities successfully. As such, school is now regarded as a
miniature society to develop dynamic, enterprising and resourceful citizens.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Above discussion makes it crystal
clear that modern education has drawn from all the tendencies
namely-psychological, scientific and sociological to a very great extent and
this process of synthesizing and gainfully imbibing is known as eclectic
tendency.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ADVANTAGES OF ECLECTIC APPROACH</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It is the nature of man
that he likes change. He wants new and novel ways in every field of work. The
same is the case with learning process. Learners always like
something new and exciting. This approach is broad and may include every kind
of learning activity and saves learner from monotony. It is more
appropriate for Pre School learning but not less beneficial in the
class rooms. It is helpful in all kinds of skills in stimulating a creative
environment and gives confidence to the learners. In this approach children
discovers and instill good ways of learning. Above all this approach gives a
chance to our common sense to mould and shape our method according to
the circumstances and available materials of teaching aids.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>DRAWBACKS OF ECLICTIC
APPROACH</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There
may be gaps in learning, if you are frequently switching curriculum. This
approach can lack disciplined learning and allow for laziness. Without grabbing
to one approach, curriculum choices and overall directions can be confusing and
overwhelming. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CONCLUSION</span></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></i></div>
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The conception of education
today is very broad and that our educational thinking in its totality has been
affected not by one single philosophical thought or tendency but by the
cumulative experience of past generations in the field of education. Our
educational ideals and practices may consequently be traced to various sources
all of which have been harmoniously blended to determine the present-day
educational principles and practices</span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: black; font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">READ ALSO :<a href="http://educational-system.blogspot.in/2011/11/philosophical-background-of-modern.html">PHILOSOPHICAL BACKGROUND OF MODERN EDUCATION </a></span></div>
soorajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12279121492182645186noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7054747121821842785.post-86752047556197609732012-10-02T23:14:00.000-07:002019-11-27T04:51:25.806-08:00INFORMAL EDUCATION ROLE OF DIFFERENT AGENCIES <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<!--[if !mso]>
<style>
v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style>
<![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:RelyOnVML/>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1032"/>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
<o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/>
<o:rules v:ext="edit">
<o:r id="V:Rule1" type="connector" idref="#_x0000_s1030"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule2" type="connector" idref="#_x0000_s1028"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule3" type="connector" idref="#_x0000_s1031"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule4" type="connector" idref="#_x0000_s1026"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule5" type="connector" idref="#_x0000_s1029"/>
<o:r id="V:Rule6" type="connector" idref="#_x0000_s1027"/>
</o:rules>
</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">INTRODUCTION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><img alt="" class="rg_hi uh_hi" data-height="183" data-width="275" height="183" id="rg_hi" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTqUlBP_e5gi_EnFrQb723sc3zpDSfdIMwJc6hmx11AqIq8tGXkcA" style="height: 183px; width: 275px;" width="275" /> </span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Education is a thought
full process by which the inner powers of the individual are developed.
Education is verb broad in it true sense and is not confined to school
experiences. But in a narrow sense education is a well-planned process.
Education may be defined as a purposive conscious or unconscious psychological,
sociological, scientific and philosophical process which brings about the
development of the individual to the fullest extent and also the maximum
development of society in such a way that both enjoy maximum happiness and
prosperity. T. Reymont has rightly remarked –“Education is that process of
development in which consists the passage of human being from infancy to
maturity, the process whereby he adapts himself gradually in various ways to
his physical, social and spiritual environment.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">There are
three important types of education,</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">EDUCATION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Formal <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Non-formal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Informal </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Formal education</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> is that education where
according to predetermined aims and methods of teaching, definite dozes of
knowledge are thrust into the mind of a child at a specific place during a set
duration of time by a particular individual.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">E.g. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Schools, universities etc.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: large; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b><a href="https://www.youtube.com/eduzoneforyou?sub_confirmation=1" target="_blank">please consider subscribing our video channel</a></b></span> </span><br />
<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Informal
education</b> is natural and incidental. There are no predetermined aims,
curricula, methods, teachers and places where<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>children receive informal education: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">E.g.:
Family, community, peer groups, etc.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Non-formal education</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> is in-between the formal and
informal types of education. It is midway because it is partly formal and
partly informal it is both intentional and incidental. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">E.g. Open
school, open universities, correspondence course etc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sir
Godfrey Thomas has written, “The whole of environment is the instrument of
man’s education in the wildest sense. But in that environment certain factors
are distinguishable as more particularly concerned, the home, the school, the
church, press, the vacation, public life, amusement and hobbies”. Generally, of
course, the process of education continues from birth to death, but some
specific institution play more important part in it. All of these institutions
are the agencies of education, and they include all these factors, bases, places
or institutions, which have an educative influence upon the Child. Hence, the
institutions, agencies and bases of education mean the same thing, and should
be interpreted as such. Here are discussing about informal education and its
agencies only.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">INFOMAL EDUCATION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Education
for no formalities are observed is known as informal type of education. In this
type of education there is modification of the behavior of the learner but no
conscious efforts are made for it. Whatever it is learnt here is not preplanned.
It is natural and incidental. Here neither the teacher nor the learner is
conscious of the process of teaching learning. In this type of education there
are no pre-determined aims, no definite curriculum no well thought methods of
teaching, no qualified and trained teachers and no definite place of education.
Here education is received by the company of friends, relatives, community etc.
whatever as education is received plays a very important and significant role
in the life of educate. Informal education complements the formal education
which has a particular pattern. Education of this kind has no specific time or
place at which it is provided. Even the educator is not fixed. All fixed
syllabi, rules, formalities are absent from it. Education of this kind in the
education one receives while playing in field, talking to family members in the
house, roaming around somewhere, in fact everywhere. This kind of education
never comes to an end. And it teaches the individual more than he ever learns
through his formal education. A child learns many things when he comes in
contact with new people. He discovers many new words when he goes to new
places. This education that he receives cannot be evaluated as formal education
can. Format education can be evaluated by some specific techniques and the
quality and quantity of education imbibed by the educate can be known. But this
is not true of informal education for there is no standard or measure in its
case. It also does not provide the recipient with a certificate or a degree.
Informal education is gradual process, for people learn a few things after
years of experience. But the things learnt in this manner prove to be more
valuable than all the degrees accumulated through formal education. Informal
education is more general in nature. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">CHARACTERISTICS OF INFORMAL TYPE
OF EDUCATION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. This type
of education is informal because formalities are observed here.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. No
conscious efforts are made either by the teacher or the taught.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3. It is in
no way pre-planned activity.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4. It is
incidental. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5. No formal
goals are fixed up.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">6. No formal
means are used to attain the goals.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">7. There are
no fixed or appointed teachers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">8. Here a
situation might crop up where student may teach a teacher something.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">9. There is
no prescribed curriculum and no time table is observed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">10. There is
none who organize this type of education. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">11. There is
no fixed place for it.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">12. This
type of education is never completed as there is no fixed syllabus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">13. There
are no examinations of any type.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">14. It is
all a natural way of teaching –leaving.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Example: 1.
A person goes to the play ground for physical exercise and there comes across
someone who tells him very good ways of utilizing leisure time.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Example: 2.
Courteous manners, gentleness etc learnt even in a marketplace in a hotel or in
ones sitting room talking with others constitute informal education.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">AGENCIES OF INFORMAL EDUCATION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
major agencies of informal education are the following.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A)<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> HOME OR FAMILY</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">This is most
true of the family, for the family makes a sizeable contribution to the child’s
education, irrespective of the quality of this education. As a agency of
education family should perform the following duties.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> PLACES OF AFFECTIONS</b>: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Every home fundamentally is a piece of affections especially for
the younger ones. The head of the family or the elderly person in the home is a
source of affection for others. They have their lovers for the younger. It is a
different story that now due to disintegration of families, some youngsters have
stated showing hatred for the elders. Naturally in such circumstances, there is
to be decrease of affections. Through the system of education, there is need of
receiving good old tradition like adoring the elders. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. MAKES SOCIAL</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Every home makes the child more and more social in nature. In the
home, there is interaction between the different members of the family. In the
street, there is interaction with the children coming from neighboring homes.
It develops the qualities of mixing with others. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">One is also able to modify one’s behavior in accordance with
others in whose contact one comes. It is but natural<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that children learn more from other
children. So it is the peer-group that helps the child in becoming more and
more social. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">MAKES MORALLY SOUND</b>: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
home teaches the child many things of morality. The child, is able to
understand the importance of truth, honesty etc. All this is able to learn from
the parents or the grand-parents. Besides, the company of good children also
helps in this regard. Moral training is the basic function of the family. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4. IMPARTS EDUCATION</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
home educates the child directly or indirectly. The educated parents and other
members of family who are educated are able to educate the younger’s directly.
But in the case of uneducated parents, the home helps indirectly in educating
them. Here education means all round developed of the child.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5. STATISTICS ECONOMICS NEEDS</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
home creates statistics economic needs of the child. Money is needed by the
child for various activities. It is also needed for giving him right type of
diet. All these facilities are provided by the parents. A good home makes earn
money rightly and utilize it properly. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">“Family
is a well-knit economic unit”. In a good home, the child enjoys economic
security. He finds himself free from any type of economic worries. All this
helps the child have a balanced personality. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">6. RECREATES</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Recreation
is also important for the proper growth and development of the child. At home,
there is provision of recreation. Radio, T.V or other instruments of recreation
are used in the homes. They provide the required type of recreation to the
child. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">7. HELPS IN PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Parents
are always careful about the health of their children. They try to provide the
required type of diet. They inculcate among them the habits of cleanliness and
sense of healthful living. They make the children work at the time of work and
then allow them to play. Thus the home or the parents help in the proper
physical growth and development of their children. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">8. HELPS IN MENTAL DEVELOPMENT</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Full
care is also taken at home for mental development of the children. Here mental
development means development of mental power such as thinking, language
development etc. The parents make efforts so that their children are able to
use the mother tongue rightly in their expression. Intellectual development of
this stage helps the children later on because their education largely depends
upon it. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">9. HELPS EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Emotional
development is very important for the proper growth and development of the
child. The parents at home help a good dual in this regard. The child learns at
home about emotional stability. The home develops in the child healthy and
positive emotions like sympathy, affection, courage etc. Only well adjusted
home environment helps in this direction. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">10. HELPS RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENT</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Religion
and religious beliefs refine the personality of a child. The basic foundation
of religion and spiritual faith are laid down at home. In fact, family is the
only institution where religious development of the child can be ensured. From
home child learns the basic fundamentals of spirituality. From home he gets a
concrete form of religion.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">India
being a secular country, the duty of parents to impart religious education to
the children becomes too important. Only religious environment of the family
develops the duty of every home to create peaceful atmospheres in order to
enable the boys and girls to drive pleasure by staying at home. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">B)<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> SOCIETY OR COMMUNITY</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Society
performs a number of educational functions which are briefly explained below;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. ESTABLISHES SCHOOLS</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
society establishes the schools, maintains them and glorifies them .It educates
the children and enables them to stand on their own feet. Besides, it also
helps in bringing all round development of the children.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. MAINTAINS STANDARD OF THE
SCHOOLS</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
society helps the schools in maintaining good standards. It fixes up standards
with the help of higher controlling authorities and then it verifies with the
help of school, board or university whether the students have attained the
desired goals or not.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3. HELPS IN ALL ROUND DEVELOPMENT
OF INDIVIDUAL</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">:
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
society creates proper environment in the school so as to bring about different
types of development of the learner-physical, moral, social, cultural, academic
etc. Thus it makes the individual a fit person for the society.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4. SETS UP AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF
EDUCATION:</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It
is needed at different levels of education. Then it checks their
appropriateness. It also corrects them, reflexes them and redefines them if
need arises there to.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5.</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PLANS NATIONAL SYSTEM OF EDUCATION:</b> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
society prepare national scheme of education keeping in view the needs and
requirement of the people. It also tries to find out whether the system is
according to the aspiration of the people.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">6.</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">MAKE PROVISION OF SUITABLE CURRICULUM:</b> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
society takes the opinions of experts and makes provision of suitable
curriculum where the learner should be able to grow and develop fully so as to
achieve the target fixed up by the society.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">7</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SUPERVISION:</b> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
society supervises the school and its various components with the purpose of
bringing improvement in the school, teachers, students etc. Through regular
supervision, it ensures proper and smooth functioning of the school. Thus it is
also able to root out the ills and draw-backs of the school.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">8</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">APPOINT COMMISSIONS AND COMMITTEES:</b> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
society sets up commission and committees as per needs of the situations. The
main purpose behind is overall improvement of the school.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">9</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PRESERVES TRADITIONS AND CONVENTIONS:</b> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
society has its rich heritage, healthy traditions and conventions and it wants
to preserve them. It does so by stabling museums art galleries. It does
propagate good values through T.V, radio, News-papers, Magazines etc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">10.</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ENCOURAGES RESEARCH:</b> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
society encourages research in various fields by supporting the financially so
as to improve the teaching-learning environment of the school.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">11. CO-ORDINATE DIFFERENT
AGENCIES:</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Society
inters links school and home. It helps in making them realize that they can
server many useful purposes. Schools exist but society makes them better and
better. Home exists society tries to improve it. It provides them with guidance
and thereby helps them do wonderful job for the betterment of the individuals.
Surely this approach improves the home, improves the school and improves the society
itself.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">12.</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">INCULCATES MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VALUES:</b> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Society
has in its store the cultural heritage of humanity. Moral and spiritual values
are maintained by it. It tries to inculcate those values in the individuals.
Honesty, sincerity, truth, simplicity of life and high thinking behaviors, hard
working, fellow-feelings etc. are noble values. The society advocates and
propagates these values among the masses.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">C)<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> STATE </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">State
is also informal agency of education. The proper management of education is an
important task of the state. Apart from school, family and society, state also
educates as on as informal agency of education. People always learn something
or other from the state without any definite rule, place or time. Briefly, the
main duties of the state as an educational agency are given below.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Instead of taking the place of the individual or the family, the
state should help in the development of both.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It is the duty of the state to establish its own schools and
provide assistance to private schools.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">State is responsible for the change in the form of schools
according to needs.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">State is to establish inter relationship among various agencies of
education.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It has to establish relationship among various schools in order to
avoid wastage so that higher standard of education may established.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It should prepare a list of minimum achievements for school and
lay down broad guide-lines for them.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">State should keep education free from local cries by allowing some
local elements to participate in the process of education but subordinating
them to the national system of education.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It should provide sound attitude to parents towards education.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Arrangement of free and universal education for a definite period
is an important task of the state.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">State is to take the responsibility of educational expenditure
and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>persuade other institutions for
this task.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Proper arrangement of training for teachers is to be made by
the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>state so that the standard of
education many not full.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">State should give proper advice to educational institutions. State
in expected to organize suitable committees and commissions for this purpose.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">State should pay special attention to the security of nation’s
culture.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">State is expected to help inculcate feeling of duty to the nation
in the minds of its citizens and it should contribute in the development of
normal idea for social efficiency.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">D<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">) PEER GROUP</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Peer
in one who is equal in rank older boys and girls form groups of their peers
called peer groups. As an agency, peer group seems insignificant but the hard
fact in that it is a very significant one and it plays a very important role in
education. In peer groups, there is better learning. Generally it is seen that
what the student cannot learn from the teacher, the same thing he/she can learn
easily and in a much better way in the peer group.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">CHARACTERISTICS OF PEER GROUP</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">There is no difference between
the rank and profile of the students who are in one group.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">They are free to take in any one
of their colleagues and also vice-versa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">There in element of freedom and
there is no fear of any soft.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">They are able to give an outlet
to their pent up feelings</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">When there is no suppression of
feelings, mind works without any type of compulsion.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">There is
inborn type of motivation which ensures good LEARNING BY ALL IN THE GROUP.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">FUNCTIONS OF THE PEER GROUP </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">SOCIALIZES:</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In the peer group, everybody learns how to behave with each other
and how to live well in the group and how to make their group strong. Good
interaction takes place there.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">MODIFICATION OF BEHAVIOR:</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Peer group helps in modifying the behavior of the individuals of
the group. The simple reason being that there is free and frank. In the self
created environment, everybody comes out as better individual with modified
behavior. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">WE- FEELING:</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">We-feelings are inculcated in the individual of the peer groups.
The individuals feel that they belong to one group. The feel more secured.
Fellow feelings are born in them. With their togetherness, they find themselves
stronger.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">HELP IN ALL ROUND DEVELOPMENT:</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Unlike class room learning the peer group provides the individuals
full freedom and more opportunities of mixing each other. They are able to
learn together, they are able to play together. They are able to have better
instruction with one another. All this helps in all round growth and
development of the individuals.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">TEACH THEM TO WORK INDEPENDENTLY:</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Peer groups instill in the individuals as way of life where they
become self dependent.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">E) MASS MEDIA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Media
used for the masses to communicate something is known as mass media. Radio TV,
Film News papers etc; serve the purpose of mass media. In our country, the
chief faction of these media is informal education.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">a) FILM</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Although
films have some other purpose to achieve, we can also learn something from
them. Children learn many things from the films. People also listen to the
message of the actors. Film can promote social welfare if they screen good
stories and adopt techniques suiting the needs of society. Scientific and
informative documentary films shown by other institutions are also very
educative.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">b) RADIO</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
our daily life we learn something from radio programmer. We receive sufficient
education from the speeches on different subjects delivered by the great
scholar. Now radio program organizers sometime arrange for well planned
education to be impacted to different age groups of people. Some programmers’
are especially meant for school children some for women-folk, some for teachers
and so on. Sometimes, some education talk of some great person is relayed from
all radio station. Radio does educate us informally.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">c) TELEVISION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Children
can use visual as well as auditory sense organs in enjoying TV programs which
are not only source of recreation but also of education. TV educates us
informally and sometimes TV education is more effective then school education.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">d) PRESS </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">We
get some new experience by reading daily news papers, weekly papers,
fortnightly and monthly margarines, annual or half yearly journals and various
bulletins. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">F). OTHER AGENCIES</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">SPORTS:</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Children
are naturally interested in games. Adults are also interested in play. By means
of games and sports feelings of co-operation honesty and love are developed in
children. This is also an important informal agency of education.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">LIBRARY AND READING ROOM</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Libraries
and reading rooms provide education by making available various papers,
journals, magazines, great reference books and books on many subjects for
reference study.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">SOCIAL EDUCATION CENTRE:</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Under
community development project social education centre have been established at
village and mahallas of cities we informally receive education from these
centers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">SCOUTING AND GIRL-GUIDING</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Scouting
and girl-guiding programs provide education to boys and girls respectively.
Both are informal agencies of education.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">MUSEUMS:</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Only
a brief reference needs to be made to museums as an informal agency of
education.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">MERIT AND DEMERIT OF INFORMAL
EDUCATION:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">MERITS:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">There are no strains of any type on the mind of the learner.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It is a natural way of teaching learning</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The learner is self-motivated in process of learning.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Most of the learnt things are situational as they are learnt in
one situation o the other. So they are remembered for a long time.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In this type of education there is dependence on rote learning.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">DE-MERITS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It does not give much confidence to the learner. In spite of good
knowledge, the learner may feel inferiority complete in a group of highly
educated person.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Here education is received in the absence of a so called ‘guru’-
the teacher. One may not learn the right things.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Whatever is expected to be learnt in the company of equal age
group that is missed here? Class fellow feeling, discipline, good habits,
attitudes etc. May not be acquired properly and rightly.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">CONCLUSION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
truth is that none of the above discussed agencies is complete in itself. Each
gives a certain type of education which is only a part of the whole. In reality
both formal and informal agencies of education are mutually complementary and
supplementary for the complete and whole some development of personality. Thus,
both the agencies should co-operate in educating the child. There must be a
balance of working by both the agencies for the total development of the child.
No one is to be neglected as both complete the desired development.</span></div>
</div>
soorajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12279121492182645186noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7054747121821842785.post-20440782339455513372012-09-11T23:39:00.000-07:002013-06-18T06:42:05.593-07:00IMPORTANCE OF POST LITERACY AND CONTINUING EDUCATION<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<!--[if !mso]>
<style>
v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style>
<![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:RelyOnVML/>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves>false</w:TrackMoves>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">INTRODUCTION</span></h3>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The idea of a Learning Society was
first forward by the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO) in its famous report, titled “Learning to be “. According
to these report, a learning society is one in which all agencies of a society
are educational providers; not just those primary responsibility is education.
Similarly all citizens should be engaged in learning, taking full advantage of
the opportunities provided by the learning society. True to these words, Kerala
has always been a learning society. The educational and social reforms of
Maharajas, the relentless efforts of Christian missionaries, the educational
pursuits of Nair Service Society, the contribution of Sree Narayan Movement and
a galaxy of social reforms laid a strong educational base in Kerala.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSg-hy4bFsza8-tlT5HTjA0sQYgz_SGlQ34pJAg9yKmZxAdoZmMI65iLkcWxnSheakr-QS30oUCZn82CAKQlBDewKJaCPnyZioDSfEEKm02t0xDPnAdz5DlIBGnNYR9bPzjYkAW7-uQhU/s1600/CONTEDU.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSg-hy4bFsza8-tlT5HTjA0sQYgz_SGlQ34pJAg9yKmZxAdoZmMI65iLkcWxnSheakr-QS30oUCZn82CAKQlBDewKJaCPnyZioDSfEEKm02t0xDPnAdz5DlIBGnNYR9bPzjYkAW7-uQhU/s1600/CONTEDU.jpg" /></a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>India has very rich and long history of
education: education which has been passed on from one generation to the next
of thousands of years in various fields of knowledge. People passed on skills
along with the rigor of knowledge and human values. It was an integrated kind
of an education.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The concept of continuing education, post
literacy or lifelong learning has been embedded in almost all traditional
philosophies. Continuing education is seen as going far beyond what is already
practiced, particularly in the developed countries such as upgrading with
refresher training, retraining and conversion or promotion courses for adults.
It should open up opportunities for learning for all, for many different
purposes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Education should enable people to develop
awareness of themselves and their environment and encourage them to play their
social roles and work in the community. It should help keep pace with the
development of new knowledge of today particularly in the domain of information
and communication technology. It should help acquire new skills to face global
competitiveness. Therefore, continuing education, post literacy or lifelong learning
will soon become a reality for all people. Lifelong learning means learning
throughout life. It is not confined to childhood or youth but takes place in
mature adulthood as well as in older age. This is a major change from
traditional approaches to education and learning.</span></div>
<h4 style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">ADULT EDUCATION</span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adult education is a powerful
auxiliary and an essential incentive to primary education. The concept of adult
education has brought a new hope for adults who could not get opportunity of
receiving education during their school years. Through various programmes and
techniques of social education, the illiterate farmers in the fields, laborers
in the factories and others can be acquainted with the latest developments
taking place in their on fields and thus they can be made happier and useful
citizens who would understand their rights and duties given to them in the
constitution of free India.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adult education is very much needed to
change the various facets of the life of our adults. It is essential so that
the masses may be trained in various habits to enable them to lead a happier
life. Literacy will provide them opportunities of reading and writing and will
liberate them from the chains of ignorance. Adult education will bring them in
close contact with their community and country’s cultural heritage.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adult, continuing education and post
literacy is one of the prestigious programmes of University Grants Commission.
In American and European Universities, this programme enjoys much importance
while in Indian Universities; it is struggling to survive within the University
system.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In India the unique style of
interpretation of Adult education is Adult Literacy (3Rs). We are focusing on
Total Literacy, Residual Literacy, post literacy, continuing education etc. The
scope of Adult education is unlimited. In India at the beginning, the priority
was given to adult literacy and it is the time for ‘Mission for Continuing
education’. Adult education is a vibrant, fueled by expanding demand and
interest with broad range of possibilities in both public and private sector.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In Academic Adult Education, being
‘adult’ does not refer to age, but rather the mode of study and the objective
of the students.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adult education within
universities is an open non-formal system of education which is aiming at
complementing and supplementing the requirement of students and community and
contributing to the principles of Lifelong learning.</span></div>
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 75.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt;">POST LITERACY</span></h2>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 75.75pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Post
literacy or post literacy education is a concept used in Adult education
programs aimed at recently illiterate or ‘neo-literate’ adults and communities.
Unlike continuing education or further education, which covers secondary or
vocational topics for adult learners, post literacy programs provide skills
which might otherwise be provided in primary education settings. Post literacy
education are programmes<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>which aim to
maintain and enhance basic literacy, numeracy and problem solving skills,
giving individuals sufficient general basic work skills enabling them to
function effectively in their societies. Post literacy programmes are designed
for adults who want to strengthen their literacy skills. They may be
immigrants, slum-dwellers or elderly rural poor.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 75.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jana Shikshan Nilayam (JSN) or
People’s Centre of Learning was conceived and introduced in 1988 as an
innovative institutionalized framework for post literacy with a view to
arresting the unfortunate and recurring phenomenon of relapse of neo-literates
into literacy on the one hand and for promotion of a learning society on the
other. A set of comprehensive guidelines on location of JSN, selection,
training and placement of Prerak, procurement of materials and the modality of
conducting the plethora of activities in the JSN were also issued to State
Government and other agencies interested in setting up the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>JSNs. National Literacy Mission is also a
technology mission in as it seeks to harness the finding of scientific and
technological research to improved the pace and quality of the programme<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and to create a better teaching- learning
environment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 75.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">OBJECTIVES OF POST LITERACY</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The major objectives of the post
literacy programme are:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">®<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Organize activities for the sustenance of basic literacy and
awareness among the neo-literates;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">®<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ensure retention of literacy skills and up gradation of skills,
especially of women;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">®<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Create an atmosphere for the application of the skills acquired by
them;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">®<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Supply reading materials for neo-literates; </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">®<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Continue literacy classes for drop-outs and those who were not
covered by the total literacy campaign;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">®<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Promote the developmental activities;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">®<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Take up non-formal education scheme for the dropouts from schools.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> FUNCTIONS OF POST-LITERACY</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Some major functions of
post-literacy programmes include the following:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a) TO
CONSOLIDATE BASIC LITERACY SKILLS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">A literate who has just completed
a basic literacy course is not guaranteed retention of that skill. As for any
other skill it could become diffuse and fade out in time unless it is
systematically strengthened. A well-designed post-literacy programme may be
able to save the situation. With material designed to suit the interests of the
target group, post-literacy skill should be able to reinforce and consolidate
basic literacy skills both cognitively and affectively.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">) TO MAKE LIFE-LONG LEARNING POSSIBLE</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Post-literacy is a bridge
towards autonomous learning. To reach the stage of autonomous learning means to
be within the grasp of being a life-long learner.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Post-literacy programmes
develop reading habits while at the same time enhance writing and numeracy
skill. Without post-literacy programmes, or their equivalent, a learning
society cannot materialize since the neo and semi-literates will not be
motivated to go beyond basic literacy skills. Post-literacy programmes provide
a second opportunity for the disadvantaged to become life-long learners.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A keen student within a
post-literacy programme has wide options from which to choose further
education. Such a student can either enroll in an equivalency programme and so
have the chance to enter the formal system again, or he or she can go to other
types of continuing education such as vocationally-oriented income-generating
programmes or others. In this sense, post-literacy programmes are liberating
forces which provide the opportunity for participants to continue to learn
throughout life.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c) TO
ENHANCE UNDERSTANDING OF SOCIETY AND COMMUNITY</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Effective
communication fosters understanding and promotes ties in the community.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Humankind is gregarious by nature. Being
gregarious we must have the skill to communicate to others and to listen
effectively. Effective communication, including listening, requires certain
skills. These skills can be acquired through training. Communication training
programmes can be designed and made available to every interested individual.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Communication skills, therefore, should be a
central part of any post-literacy programme. They should be carefully developed
to enhance understanding of society and of the community. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">d) TO
DIFFUSE TECHNOLOGY AND INCREASE VOCATIONAL SKILL</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Appropriate technology transforms
the development of any country. Post-literacy programmes can be an effective
instrument to transfer required technologies to disadvantaged groups and to
change a listless «observer» into a productive energetic member of the labor force.
The most successful post-literacy programmes are associated with the work
force.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The advanced skills of reading,
writing and numerically required for autonomous learning are developed loped in
association with the functional knowledge needed by participants to be
maximally efficient as employees. The significance of such an approach for the
overall upgrading of technology and for improvement in individual and
commercial efficiency is self-evident. This type of approach makes a major
contribution to the economic well-being of individuals and of the nation as a
whole.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">e) TO
MOTIVATES INSPIRE AND INSTILL HOPE TOWARDS IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LIFE</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Drop-outs, disadvantaged groups
and low-income earners have a feeling of hopelessness. For them the future is bleak.
Their children are unlikely to have a meaningful place in society. Survival is
by chance. Motivation to improve and the will to excel in life is marginal if
not zero.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Feelings of helplessness and
the sense of alienation can be overcome. Making such people realize that each
and everyone has the same unharnessed potential and that everybody is capable
of attaining the best in life, will motivate them to excel in whatever field
they decide to undertake. This is possible because a post-literacy programme is
an educational activity. Being educational it is an effective tool to affect
changes in attitudes and behavior towards life. Post-literacy cultivates,
develops, strengthens and stimulates the power of the target group.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">MAJOR
AGENCIES IN KERALA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The major agencies engaged in the
field are </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">KERALA
SASTRA SAHITYA PARISHAD:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The Kerala Sastra Sahitya
Parishad (KSSP) is a scientific, cultural organization, promoted to popularize
science among ordinary people. It was established in 1957. It organizes
classes, lectures, science clubs, science corners, science fair, and adult
literacy classes and so on. KSSP led the total literacy campaign of Ernakulum
district and Akshara Keralam Project of the state.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Panchayat Resource Mapping
Campaign of KSSP has mobilized very large number of citizens. The field level
resource mobilization led to Kerala Total Literacy Campaign and later to the
People’s Planning Campaign. It has published more than 100 books to cater to
the needs of different sections of the community. This includes children’s
literature, social science, popular science, life history and references. In
addition the KSSP has published research reports on current issues of Kerala.
Today KSSP provides resource support to other states for their literacy campaigns,
continuing education programmes, resource mapping, and popularization of
science, local survey, and micro planning and so on.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">MITRANIKETAN:</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mitraniketan is a
non-governmental organization dedicated to non-formal education programme. It
is a rural community centre open to all individuals and families irrespective
of race, colour, creed or nationality and provides motivation to better their
lives and to serve the common men. Mitraniketan has also started adult literacy
centers in villages.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Programmes of non-formal
education are organized for propagating functional literacy, family planning
and childcare and health education. Training programmes have been organized
targeting farmers, women children and out of school children. Mitraniketan has
started a rural technology centre where, rural technology is intended to be
promoted.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">QUILON
SOCIAL SERVICE SOCIETY: </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Quilon Social Service Society
(QSSS) is<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>functioning as a
registered voluntary organization for social action in Quilon Diocese from 1960
onwards. The society’s aim was to start one comprehensive non-formal education
centre attached to each of its local units and also to have all the three
stages of adult education viz. literacy, post-literacy and continuing
education. QSSS launched a new scheme for converting adult education centers as
centers for helping the very poor families of the localities, to involve
themselves in development oriented self-help programmes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">LITERACY
FORUM</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Its major objectives are</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">to give professional advice and provide leadership in matters
concerning adult/non-formal/continuing education, literacy work and extension
in the state;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">to carry out evaluation and reach on adult/non-formal education;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">to provide a common forum for all interested in adult education
and literacy program<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">CONTINUING
EDUCATION</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The idea of a ‘Learning Society’
was first put forward by the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO) in its famous report (1972), titled ‘Learning to be’.
According to this report, a learning society is one in which all agencies of a
society are educational providers; not just those whose primary responsibility
is education. Similarly, all citizens should be engaged in learning, taking
full advantage of the opportunities provided by the learning society.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>True to these words, Kerala has always been
a learning society. The educational and social reforms of Maharajas, the
relentless efforts of Christian missionaries, the educational pursuits of Nair
Service Society, the contribution of Sree Narayan Movement and a galaxy of
social reforms laid a strong educational base in Kerala. The socio-political
movements, freedom struggle and trade union movements have played a very
significant role in creating a suitable environment for people’s participation.
Excellent network of rural libraries, better transport and communication
facilities, people’s perception towards education, social mobility, political
commitments are some major factors which provided a conducive climate for the
people to learn.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">OBJECTIVES
OF CONTINUING EDUCATION</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The main objectives of Continuing
Education programme are;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">To create a Learning Society through Life Long Education.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">To equip the adults with practical knowledge & problem solving
skills to reform the society.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">To bring about fundamental, social, economic and cultural changes
in society.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">PROGRAMMES OF CONTINUING EDUCATION CENTRE</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Equivalency Programmes</b> Designed as an
alternative education programme equivalent to existing formal, general or
vocational education</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Income -generating programmes:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Where the participants acquire or upgrade
their vocational skills and take up income –generating activities.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Quality of life improvement programmes:</b>
This aims to equip learners and the community with essential knowledge, attitude,
values and skills to raise their standard of living.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Individual interest promotion programmes:</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to provide opportunities for learners to
participate and learn about their individually chosen social, cultural,
spiritual, health, physical and artistic interests.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">POST LITERACY AS PART OF
CONTINUING EDUCATION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Post-literacy is a part of the
continuing education process. Post-literacy programmes are designed to
strengthen the literacy skills so that the learner can follow meaningfully
other opportunities offered by other continuing education programmes. The
diagram below clearly shows the role of post-literacy in the education process.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The central column of the diagram
(Figure 2.1) shows how educational programmes can be planned and sequenced by
an individual throughout life. The programme can be formal, or non-formal in
nature. Any educational activity after childhood is considered as continuing
education. The target group may be semi-literates, neo-literates or autonomous
learners.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ATLP for continuing education
offers six programmes. Post-literacy therefore is one of the integrated continuing
education programmes. Other types include Income-Generating Programmes, Quality
of Life Improvement prorgammes, Equivalency Programmes, Individual Interest
programmes (see ATLP-CE volume I). All six programmes are functional. All
involve functional knowledge. The functional knowledge is used as a delivery
technique with the</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Objective of making learning is
relevant to living and working. However there is a major difference between
post -literacy and other programmes. The basic difference is that in the case
of post-literacy programmes, the advocator must stress rehabilitation
activities. This is because it is possible for neo-literates and semi-literates
to regress to even complete illiteracy. This is less possible in other
programmes, especially among equivalency learners.</span></div>
<h4 style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">CONCLUSION</span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 75.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kerala is the first state in the
country to declare total literacy, which is mainly to effective launching and
implementation of various programmers. Kerala was recognized with the
successful completion literacy campaign. It was also a pioneer in post literacy
prorgammes as it started continuing education programme on its own initiative. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 75.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Post literacy is a process of
continuing education. Its programme and activities are designed to prevent
neo-literates and semi-literates from regressing into complete literacy. Post
literacy programme provide the point of take off in a continuing education
system. Without it, continuing education has little meaning to neo-literates or
semi-literates.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 75.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Post literacy or continuing education is an
inevitable component of the strategy of human resource development and of the
goal of creating a learning society. The aim of continuing education and post
literacy programme is to consolidate the basic literacy skills of reading,
numeracy and problem solving, while simultaneously transforming the learner
into an educated member of the community able to participate actively and
productively in the nation’s development.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 75.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In post literacy and continuing
education stages, greater emphasis is placed on skill development and
acquisition of new learning. For those who have acquired basic literacy skills,
we need to link these skills more intricately with their lives. This can only
become a reality when they learn not only to practice these skills in their
day-to-day life, but also clearly understand that these skills will be of vital
importance to them in order to improve the quality and the standard of their
lives. </span></div>
</div>
soorajhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12279121492182645186noreply@blogger.com0